Editing Neo-Nazism (section)

==== Russia ====
{{Main|Neo-Nazism in Russia}}
{{Further|Racism in Russia|Radical nationalism in Russia|Rashism|Antisemitism in the Soviet Union#Right-wing movements}}

[[File:Neo-Nazism in Russia (2010).jpg|thumb|upright|left|A neo-Nazi in Russia at an anti-gay demonstration in Moscow, October 2010]]

Some observers have noted a subjective irony of Russians embracing Nazism, because one of Hitler's ambitions at the start of [[World War II]] was the [[Generalplan Ost]] (Master Plan East) which envisaged to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all Slavs from central and eastern Europe (e.g., Russians, Ukrainians, Poles etc.).<ref name=William1>[[William W. Hagen]] (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zBgr3kL-PP4C German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002232035/https://books.google.com/books?id=zBgr3kL-PP4C&pg=&dq&hl=en |date=2 October 2020 }}''. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. {{ISBN|0-521-19190-4}}</ref> At the end of the [[Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union]], over 25 million Soviet citizens had died.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml The Soviet-German War 1941–1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105171542/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml |date=5 January 2021 }}". BBC – History.</ref>

The first reports of [[Neo-Nazism in Russia|neo-Nazi]] organizations in the USSR appeared in the second half of the 1950s. In some cases, the participants were attracted primarily by the aesthetics of Nazism (rituals, parades, uniforms, the cult of physical fitness, architecture). Other organizations were more interested in the ideology of the Nazis, their program, and the image of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name=Charn>''Чарный, Семен Александрович'' [https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2004/5/naczistskie-gruppy-v-sssr-v-1950-1980-e-gody.html Нацистские группы в СССР в 1950—1980-е годы] // Неприкосновенный запас. 2004. №&nbsp;5 (37).</ref> The formation of neo-Nazism in the USSR dates back to the turn of the 1960s and 1970s; during this period, these organizations still preferred to operate underground.

Modern [[Slavic Native Faith|Russian neo-paganism]] took shape in the second half of the 1970s<ref>{{cite web|last=Shizhensky |first=Roman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ndN7PUGBnw |title=Современное "родноверие": реперные точки |language=ru |website=|publisher=Доклад на круглом столе: «Славянское язычество XXI века: проблемы генезиса и развития», held on February 15, 2020 at the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin |date=2020|accessdate=}}</ref> and is associated with the activities of supporters of antisemitism, especially the Moscow Arabist [[Valery Yemelyanov]] (also known as "Velemir") and the former dissident and neo-Nazi activist [[Alexey Dobrovolsky]] (also known as "Dobroslav").

In Soviet times, the founder of the movement of [[Peterburgian Vedism]] (a branch of Slavic neopaganism) Viktor Bezverkhy (Ostromysl) revered Hitler and [[Heinrich Himmler]] and propagated [[scientific racism|racial]] and [[racial antisemitism|antisemitic theories]] in a narrow circle of his students, calling for the deliverance of mankind from "inferior offspring", allegedly arising from [[interracial marriage]]s. He called such "inferior people" "bastards", referred to them as "[[Zhyd]]s, Indians or gypsies and [[mulatto]]es" and believed that they prevent society from achieving social justice.

The first public manifestations of neo-Nazis in Russia took place in 1981 in [[Kurgan]], and then in [[Yuzhnouralsk]], [[Nizhny Tagil]], [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]], and Leningrad.<ref name=obezyana>''[[Alexander Tarasov]]'' [https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/21/72239-sovetskie-fashisty-obezyana-vybiraet-cherep Советские фашисты: обезьяна выбирает череп] // [[Novaya Gazeta]]. 2017. №&nbsp;42 (2619). 21.04.2017. P. 15—18.</ref><ref>''Alexander Tarasov''
[https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/28/72322-sovetskie-fashisty-shkola-killerov Советские фашисты: «школа» киллеров] // [[Novaya Gazeta]]. 2017. №&nbsp;45 (2622). 28.04.2017. С. 11—14.</ref>

In 1982, on Hitler's birthday, a group of Moscow high school students held a Nazi demonstration on [[Pushkinskaya Square]].<ref name=obezyana/>

[[Russian National Unity]] (RNE) was a neo-Nazi group founded in 1990 and was led by [[Alexander Barkashov]], who claimed to have members in 250 cities. RNE adopted the swastika as its symbol, and sees itself as the avant-garde of a coming national revolution. It is critical of other major far-right organizations, such as the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]] (LDPR). As of 1997, the members RNE were called Soratnik (comrades in arms), receive combat training at locations near Moscow, and many of them work as security officers or armed guards.<ref>Laqueur, Walter, ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future'', 1997, p. 189</ref> RNE was banned in 1999 by Moscow's court in 1999,<ref name="Saunders">{{cite book | last1=Saunders | first1=R.A. | last2=Strukov | first2=V. | title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation | publisher=Scarecrow Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8108-7460-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_uAoNJiOMwC&pg=PA69 | access-date=2022-03-09 | page=69 | archive-date=9 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309054839/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_uAoNJiOMwC&pg=PA69 | url-status=live }}</ref> after which the group faded away.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d90d/870620f804f298bf834d50ca3f2477a15af6.pdf|title=The European and Russian Far Right as Political Actors: Comparative Approach|year=2019|doi=10.5539/JPL.V12N2P86|s2cid=189962172|quote=Soon afterwards the Moscow headquarter of the party was closed and the organization practically liquidated|last1=Ekaterina|first1=Ivanova|last2=Andrey|first2=Kinyakin|last3=Sergey|first3=Stepanov|journal=Journal of Politics and Law|volume=12|issue=2|page=86|access-date=10 March 2022|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317182114/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d90d/870620f804f298bf834d50ca3f2477a15af6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/10a4f5b5397a4ca795afac58f900ab61|title=Neo-Nazis Banned in Russian Area|date=1999-11-26|access-date=10 March 2022|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309065123/https://apnews.com/article/10a4f5b5397a4ca795afac58f900ab61|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, it was claimed that Russian neo-Nazis accounted for "half of the world's total".<ref>"[https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3718255&page=1#.UCDbiaA4SuI Violence 'in the Name of the Nation'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215626/https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3718255&page=1#.UCDbiaA4SuI |date=17 July 2022 }}." ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]''. October 11, 2007.</ref><ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-medvedev-nationalism/russias-medvedev-calls-for-crackdown-on-neo-nazis-idUSTRE70G4DP20110117 Russia's Medvedev calls for crackdown on neo-Nazis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215622/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-medvedev-nationalism/russias-medvedev-calls-for-crackdown-on-neo-nazis-idUSTRE70G4DP20110117 |date=17 July 2022 }}". Reuters. January 17, 2011.</ref>

On 15 August 2007, Russian authorities arrested a student for allegedly posting a video on the Internet which appears to show two migrant workers being beheaded in front of a red and black swastika flag.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6946810.stm |title=Russian held over 'deaths' video |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-08-15 |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=30 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930142613/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6946810.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Alexander Verkhovsky, the head of a Moscow-based center that monitors [[hate crime]] in Russia, said, "It looks like this is the real thing. The killing is genuine ... There are similar videos from the Chechen war. But this is the first time the killing appears to have been done intentionally."<ref name="execution">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,2149611,00.html|title=Student arrested over Russian neo-Nazi 'execution' video|author=Luke Harding|work=The Guardian|date=2007-08-16|access-date=2007-08-16|location=London|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220160403/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/16/russia.lukeharding|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Atomwaffen Division Russland]] is a neo-Nazi terrorist group in Russia found by Russian officials to have been tied to multiple mass murder plots. AWDR was founded by former members of defunct [[National Socialist Society]] responsible for 27 murders and AWDR is connected to local chapter of the Order of Nine Angles responsible for rapes, ritual murders and drug trafficking. The Russian authorities raided an Atomwaffen compound in [[Ulan-Ude]] and uncovered illegal weapons and explosives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.itatiaia.com.br/noticia/casal-de-adoradores-de-sata-sao-acusados-de-homicidios-na-russia | title=Casal de adoradores do diabo é acusado de sacrificar duas pessoas em rituais na Rússia | language=pt | trans-title=Devil-worshipping couple accused of sacrificing two people in rituals in Russia | work=[[Itatiaia]] | date=August 21, 2021 | access-date=26 September 2022 | archive-date=26 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135810/https://www.itatiaia.com.br/noticia/casal-de-adoradores-de-sata-sao-acusados-de-homicidios-na-russia | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Fontaka>{{cite news|date=August 21, 2021|title=Меру пресечения сатанистам по делу об убийстве петербуржца изберут в Приозерске|work=[[Fontaka.ru]]|url=https://www.fontanka.ru/2021/08/20/70089818/}}</ref><ref name=Fontaka2>{{cite news|date=August 21, 2021|title=СК задержал еще двоих по делу сатанистов, совершавших ритуальные убийства в Ленобласти. И показал следственный эксперимент|work=[[Fontaka.ru]]|url=https://www.fontanka.ru/2021/08/20/70089473/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=October 20, 2021|title="Атомная дивизия": в Бурятии задержаны неонацисты, подражавшие банде из США|work=[[Gazeta.ru]]|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2021/10/29/14149513.shtml}}</ref>

Neo-Nazi groups such as "88th Brigade" [[Espanola (battalion)|Espanola]] and [[Rusich Group]] are taking part in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.memri.org/dttm/neo-nazi-espanola-brigade-raise-funds-drones-and-other-equipment-through-charitable-foundation|work=[[MEMRI]]|date=15 May 2025|title=Neo-Nazi Espanola Brigade Raise Funds For Drones And Other Equipment Through Charitable Foundation Linked To Russian 'Green Alternative' Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-terrifying-neo-nazi-mercenaries-being-deployed-in-ukraine/|title=The terrifying neo-Nazi mercenaries being deployed in Ukraine|work=[[Spectator.co.uk]]|date=2 June 2024}}</ref> Rusich Group is connected to the Order of Nine Angles and they have are responsible for multiple crimes, including ritual murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-content/2024/09/the-russian-ultra-nationalists-defying-putin|title=The Russian ultra-nationalists defying Putin|work=[[New Statesman]]|date=3 September 2024|quote=photos emerged of the Rusich battalion, a Russian neo-Nazi group fighting against Ukraine, mutilating and “sacrificing” a Chechen Akhmat fighter.}}</ref><ref name=odessa>{{cite web|url=https://odessa-journal.com/public/the-russian-federation-sends-a-neo-nazi-sabotage-group-to-spy-on-the-finnish-border|title=The Russian Federation sends a neo-Nazi sabotage group to spy on the Finnish border|work=[[The Odessa Journal]]|date=10 September 2024|quote=This group, made up of mercenaries with neo-Nazi and neo-pagan beliefs, is involved in serious war crimes that have sparked controversy even within Russia. Some members of the group are connected to satanic and neo-Nazi organizations such as the Order of Nine Angles.}}</ref>