Editing Macedonia (ancient kingdom) (section)

==Currency, finances, and resources==
{{main|Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)}}
{{further|Ancient Greek coinage|Economy of ancient Greece}}
[[File:Mints of Alexander the Great 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tetradrachm]]s (above) and [[drachm]]s (below) issued during the reign of [[Alexander the Great]], now in the [[Numismatic Museum of Athens]]]]
The [[Mint (facility)|minting]] of silver coinage began during the reign of [[Alexander I of Macedon|Alexander{{nbsp}}I]] as a means to pay for royal expenditures.<ref name="errington 1990 222"/> [[Archelaus I of Macedon|Archelaus{{nbsp}}I]] increased the silver content of his coins as well as minting copper coins to promote foreign and domestic commerce.<ref name="Roisman 2010 156 157"/> The minting of coinage significantly increased during the reigns of Philip{{nbsp}}II and Alexander the Great, especially after the increase in state revenues following the seizure of the [[Pangaion Hills]].<ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=246}}.</ref> During the Hellenistic period the royal houses of Macedonia, [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], and the [[Attalid kingdom]] exercised [[State monopoly|full monopolistic control]] over [[mining]] activities, largely to ensure the funding of their armies.<ref>{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=379}}.</ref> By the end of the [[conquests of Alexander the Great]], nearly thirty mints stretching from Macedonia to [[Babylon]] produced standard coins.<ref>{{harvnb|Meadows|2008|p=773}}.</ref> The right to mint coins was shared by [[Central government|central]] and some [[local government]]s, i.e. the [[autonomous]] [[municipal government]]s of Thessaloniki, Pella, and Amphipolis within the Macedonian [[commonwealth]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=432–433}}.</ref> The Macedonians were also the first to issue different coins for [[Circulation (currency)|internal and external circulation]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kremydi|2011|p=163}}.</ref>

State revenues were also raised by collecting [[produce]] from [[arable land]]s, timber from forests, and [[Tax#History|taxes]] on [[import]]s and [[export]]s at [[harbor]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=433}}.</ref> Some mines, [[Grove (nature)|groves]], [[History of agriculture|agricultural lands]], and [[Logging|forests]] belonging to the Macedonian state were exploited by the Macedonian king, although these were often [[lease]]d as [[asset]]s or given as [[Grant (money)|grants]] to members of the [[nobility]] such as the ''[[hetairoi]]'' and ''[[philoi]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=434}}.</ref> [[Tariff]]s exacted on goods flowing in and out of Macedonian [[seaport]]s existed from at least the reign of [[Amyntas III of Macedon|Amyntas{{nbsp}}III]], and [[Callistratus of Aphidnae]] (d.{{nbsp}}c.{{nbsp}}350{{nbsp}}BC) aided [[Perdiccas III of Macedon|Perdiccas{{nbsp}}III]] in doubling the kingdom's annual profits on [[customs duties]] from 20 to 40 [[Talent (measurement)|talents]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=433–434}}; {{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=163}}.</ref>

After the defeat of [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus]] at [[Battle of Pydna|Pydna]] in 168{{nbsp}}BC, the [[Roman Senate]] allowed the reopening of iron and copper mines, but forbade the mining of gold and silver by the four newly established autonomous [[client state]]s that replaced the monarchy in Macedonia.<ref>{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=373–375}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=223}} for further details.</ref> The law may originally have been conceived by the Senate due to the fear that material wealth gained from gold and silver mining operations would allow the Macedonians to fund an armed rebellion.<ref>{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=374–375}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=223}} for further details.</ref> The Romans were perhaps also concerned with stemming [[inflation]] caused by an increased [[money supply]] from Macedonian silver mining.<ref>{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=374}}.</ref> The Macedonians continued minting silver coins between 167 and 148{{nbsp}}BC (i.e. just before the establishment of the [[Roman province of Macedonia]]), and when the Romans lifted the ban on Macedonian silver mining in 158{{nbsp}}BC it may simply have reflected the local reality of this illicit practice continuing regardless of the Senate's decree.<ref name="treister 1996 374 375">{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=374–375}}.</ref>