Editing List of Russian people (section)

==Scientists and scholars==
{{Main|Russian scientists}}

===Polymaths===
*[[Alexander Borodin]], chemist and composer, author of the famous opera ''[[Prince Igor]]'', discovered [[Borodin reaction]], co-discovered [[Aldol reaction]]
*[[Alexander Chizhevsky]], interdisciplinary scientist, biophysicist, philosopher and artist, founder of [[heliobiology]] and modern [[air ionification]], [[Russian cosmist]]
*[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], polymath scientist, artist and inventor; founder of the [[Moscow State University]]; proposed the law of [[conservation of matter]]; disproved the [[phlogiston theory]]; invented [[coaxial rotor]] and the first [[helicopter]];[[File:Lomonosovportrait.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]]] invented the [[night vision telescope]] and [[off-axis reflecting telescope]]; discovered the [[atmosphere of Venus]]; suggested the [[organic matter|organic]] origin of [[soil]], [[peat]], [[coal]], [[petroleum]] and [[amber]]; pioneered the research of [[atmospheric electricity]]; coined the term ''[[physical chemistry]]''; the first to record [[freezing]] of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]; co-developed the [[Russian porcelain]], re-discovered [[smalt]] and created a number of [[mosaic]]s dedicated to [[Peter the Great|Petrine era]]; author of an early account of [[Russian history]] and the first opponent of the [[Normanist theory]]; reformed Russian literary language by combining [[Old Church Slavonic]] with vernacular tongue in his early grammar; influenced [[Russian poetry]] through his [[ode]]s
*[[Vladimir Obruchev]], geologist, paleontologist, geographer and explorer of [[Siberia]] and [[Central Asia]], author of the comprehensive ''Geology of [[Siberia]]'' and two popular [[science fiction]] novels, ''[[Hollow Earth|Plutonia]]'' and ''[[Sannikov Land]]''
*[[Peter Simon Pallas]], polymath naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, philologist, explorer of [[European Russia]] and [[Siberia]], discoverer of the first [[pallasite]] meteorite ([[Krasnojarsk meteorite]]) and multiple animals, including the [[Pallas's cat]], [[Pallas's squirrel]], and [[Pallas's gull]]
*[[Yakov Perelman]], a founder of [[popular science]], author of many popular books, including the ''Physics Can Be Fun'' and ''Mathematics Can Be Fun''
*[[Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky]], geographer, geologist, entomologist, explorer of the [[Tian Shan Mountains]], discoverer of the Peak [[Khan Tengri]], for 40 years the head of the [[Russian Geographical Society]], statistician, organiser of the first [[Russian Empire Census]]
*[[Vasily Tatishchev]], statesman, economist, geographer, ethnographer, philologist and historian, supervisor of the first instrumental mapping of Russia, coloniser of the [[Urals]] and Siberia, founder of [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] and [[Yekaterinburg]], discovered and published ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', ''[[Sudebnik]]'' and the controversial ''[[Ioachim Chronicle]]'', wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history, compiled the first [[encyclopedic dictionary]] of [[Russian language]]
*[[Vladimir Vernadsky]], philosopher, geologist, a founder of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]] and [[radiogeology]], creator of [[noosphere]] theory, popularized the term ''[[biosphere]]'', major [[Russian cosmist]]
*[[Ivan Yefremov]], paleontologist, philosopher, sci-fi and historical novelist, founder of [[taphonomy]], author of ''[[The Land of Foam]]'', ''[[Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale]]'' and ''[[Thais of Athens]]''

===Earth scientists===
{{Main|Russian Earth scientists}}

*[[Maukhida Abdulkabirova]], geologist and metallurgist
*[[Karl Baer]], naturalist, formulated the geological [[Baer's law]] on [[river erosion]]
*[[Ivan Chersky]], geologist, explorer of [[Siberia]], explained the origin of [[Lake Baikal]], pioneered the [[geomorphological]] evolution theory
*[[Alexander Fersman]], a founder of [[geochemistry]], discovered [[copper]] in [[Monchegorsk]], [[apatite]]s in [[Khibiny Mountains|Khibiny]], [[sulfur]] in [[Central Asia]]
*[[Boris Borisovich Golitsyn|Boris Golitsyn]], inventor of [[electromagnetic field|electromagnetic]] [[seismograph]], the President of ''International Association of [[Seismology]]''
*[[Ivan Gubkin]], founder of the [[Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas]]
*[[Alexander Karpinsky]], geologist and mineralogist, the first President of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]]
*[[Vladimir Köppen]], [[meteorologist]], author of the commonly used [[Köppen climate classification]]
*[[Stepan Krasheninnikov]], geographer, the first Russian naturalist, made the first scientific description of [[Kamchatka]]
*[[Pyotr Shirshov]], polar explorer, founder of the [[Shirshov Institute of Oceanology]], proved that there is life in high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean
*[[Yuly Shokalsky]], first head of the [[Soviet Geographical Society]], coined the term ''[[World Ocean]]''
*[[Vladimir Vernadsky]], philosopher, geologist, a founder of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]] and [[radiogeology]], creator of [[noosphere]] theory, popularized the term ''[[biosphere]]''

===Biologists and paleontologists===
{{Main|Russian biologists}}

*[[Johann Friedrich Adam]], discovered the [[Adams mammoth]], the first complete [[woolly mammoth]] skeleton[[File:Andrei Bolotov.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Andrey Bolotov]]]]
*[[Karl Baer]], naturalist, founded the [[Russian Entomological Society]], formulated [[embryological]] [[Baer's laws]]
*[[Nikolai Bernstein]], neurophysiologist, coined the term "[[biomechanics]]"
*[[Andrey Bolotov]], major 18th-century [[agriculturist]], discovered [[dichogamy]], pioneered [[cross-pollination]]
*[[Alexander Chizhevsky]], founder of [[heliobiology]] and modern [[air ionification]]
*[[Andrey Famintsyn]], [[plant physiologist]], inventor of [[grow lamp]], developer of [[symbiogenesis]] theory
*[[Yuri Filipchenko]], entomologist, coined the terms ''[[microevolution]]'' and ''[[macroevolution]]''
*[[Johann Georg Gmelin]], the first researcher of [[Siberia]]n flora[[File:Ivanovsky.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Dmitry Ivanovsky]]]]
*[[Alexander Gurwitsch]], originated the [[morphogenetic field]] theory and discovered the [[biophoton]]
*[[Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov|Ilya Ivanov]], researcher of [[artificial insemination]] and the [[interspecific hybrid]]ization of animals, attempted to create a [[human-ape hybrid]]
*[[Dmitry Ivanovsky]], discoverer of [[virus]]es
*[[Georgii Karpechenko]], inventor of [[rabbage]] (the first ever non-sterile [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] obtained through [[crossbreeding]])
*[[Nikolai Koltsov]], discoverer of [[cytoskeleton]]
*[[V. L. Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]], [[plant geographer]], President of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]], founder of the [[Komarov Botanical Institute]]
*[[Ilya Mechnikov]], pioneer researcher of [[immune system]], [[probiotics]] and [[phagocytosis]], coined the term ''[[gerontology]]'', [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] winner
*[[Konstantin Merezhkovsky]], major [[lichenologist]], developer of [[symbiogenesis]] theory, a founder of [[endosymbiosis]] theory
*[[I. V. Michurin|Ivan Michurin]], [[pomologist]], [[Selection (biology)|selection]]ist and [[geneticist]], practiced [[hybrid (biology)|crossing]] of geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit [[cultivar]]s[[File:Michurin 1936.jpg|thumb|90px|[[I. V. Michurin|Ivan Michurin]]]]
*[[Alexander Middendorf]], zoologist and explorer, studied the influence of [[permafrost]] on living beings, coined the term ''[[radula]]'', prominent [[horse breeder]]
*[[Victor Motschulsky]], prominent researcher of [[beetle]]s
*[[Sergei Navashin]], discovered [[double fertilization]]
*[[Alexey Olovnikov]], predicted existence of [[Telomerase]], suggested the [[Telomere hypothesis of aging]] and the [[Telomere relations to cancer]]
*[[Aleksandr Oparin]], biologist and [[biochemist]], proposed the "[[Primordial soup]]" theory of [[life origin]], showed that many [[food production]] processes are based on [[biocatalysis]]
*[[Heinz Christian Pander]], embryologist, discovered [[germ layers]]
*[[Peter Simon Pallas]], polymath naturalist, explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the [[Pallas's cat]], [[Pallas's squirrel]], and [[Pallas's gull]]
*[[Ivan Pavlov]], founder of modern [[physiology]], the first to research [[classical conditioning]], Nobel Prize in Medicine winner[[File:Nikolai Vavilov NYWTS.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Nikolai Vavilov]]]]
*[[Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky]], published the first [[EEG]] and the [[evoked potential]] of the mammalian brain
*[[Carl Schmidt (chemist)|Carl Schmidt]], researcher of biochemical crystal structures, proved the chemical similarity of animal and plant cells
*[[Boris Schwanwitsch]], entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to [[military camouflage]] during World War II
*[[Ivan Sechenov]], founder of [[electrophysiology]] and [[neurophysiology]]
*[[Georg Wilhelm Steller]], naturalist, participant of [[Vitus Bering]]'s voyages, discoverer of [[Steller's jay]], [[Steller's eider]], extinct [[Steller's sea cow]] and multiple other animals
*[[Lina Stern]], pioneer researcher of [[blood–brain barrier]]
*[[Armen Takhtajan]], developer of [[Takhtajan system]] of [[flowering plant]] classification, major [[biogeographer]]
*[[Kliment Timiryazev]], plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of [[chlorophyll]][[File:Vinogradsky.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Sergey Vinogradsky]]]]
*[[Lev Tsenkovsky]], pioneer researcher of the [[ontogenesis]] of [[lower plants]] and animals
*[[Mikhail Tsvet]], inventor of [[chromatography]]
*[[Nikolai Vavilov]], botanist and geneticist, gathered the world's largest collection of plant [[seed]]s, identified the [[centres of origin of main cultivated plants]]
*[[Sergey Vinogradsky]], microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist, pioneered the [[biogeochemical cycle]] concept, discovered [[lithotrophy]] and [[chemosynthesis]], invented the [[Winogradsky column]] for breeding of [[microorganism]]s
*[[Ivan Yefremov]], paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded [[taphonomy]]
*[[Sergey Zimov]], creator of the [[Pleistocene Park]]

===Physicians and psychologists===
{{main|Russian physicians}}
[[File:Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Ilya Mechnikov]]]]
[[File:Ivan Pavlov (Nobel).png|thumb|90px|[[Ivan Pavlov]]]]
[[File:Sechenov.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Ivan Sechenov]]]]

*[[Vladimir Bekhterev]], neuropathologist, founder of [[objective psychology]], noted the role of the [[hippocampus]] in memory, a developer of [[reflexology]], studied the [[Bekhterev's Disease]]
*[[Vladimir Betz]], discovered [[Betz cells]] of [[primary motor cortex]]
*[[Sergey Botkin]], major [[therapist]] and court physician
*[[Nikolay Burdenko]], major developer of [[neurosurgery]]
*[[Konstantin Buteyko]], developed the [[Buteyko method]] for the treatment of breathing disorders
*[[Vladimir Demikhov]], major pioneer of [[transplantology]]
*[[Vladimir Filatov]], [[ophthalmologist]], [[corneal transplantation]] pioneer
*[[Svyatoslav Fyodorov]], inventor of [[radial keratotomy]]
*[[Georgy Gause]], inventor of [[gramicidin S]] and other [[antibiotics]] 
*[[Oleg Gazenko]], founder of [[space medicine]]; selected and trained [[Laika]], the first [[space dog]]
*[[Vera Gedroitz]], first female Professor of [[Surgery]] in the world
*[[Waldemar Haffkine]], invented the first vaccines against [[cholera]] and [[bubonic plague]]
*[[Gavriil Ilizarov]], invented [[Ilizarov apparatus]], developed [[distraction osteogenesis]]
*[[Nikolai Korotkov]], invented [[auscultatory blood pressure measurement]], pioneered [[vascular surgery]]
*[[Sergei Korsakoff|Sergey Korsakov]], studied the effects of [[alcoholism]] on the [[nervous system]], described [[Korsakoff's syndrome]], introduced [[paranoia]] concept
*[[Aleksey Leontyev]], founder of [[activity theory]] in psychology
*[[Peter Lesgaft]], founder of the modern system of [[physical education]] in Russia
*[[Alexander Luria]], co-developer of activity theory and [[cultural-historical psychology]], major researcher of [[aphasia]]
*[[Ilya Mechnikov]], pioneer researcher of [[immune system]], [[probiotics]] and [[phagocytosis]]; coined the term ''[[gerontology]]'', [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] winner
*[[Pyotr Nikolsky]], [[dermatologist]], discoverer of [[Nikolsky's sign]]
*[[Alexey Olovnikov]], predicted existence of [[Telomerase]], suggested the [[Telomere hypothesis of aging]] and the [[Telomere relations to cancer]]
*[[Ivan Pavlov]], founder of modern [[physiology]], the first to research [[classical conditioning]], Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
*[[Nikolay Pirogov]], pioneer of [[diethyl ether|ether]] [[anaesthesia]] and modern [[field surgery]], the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations
*[[Leonid Rogozov]], performed an [[appendectomy]] on himself during the sixth [[Soviet Antarctic Expedition]], a famous case of [[self-surgery]]
*[[Grigory Rossolimo]], pioneer of child [[neuropsychology]]
*[[Ivan Sechenov]], founder of [[electrophysiology]] and [[neurophysiology]], author of the classic work ''[[Reflex]]es of the [[Brain]]''
*[[Victor Skumin]], described [[:fr:Syndrome de Skumin|Skumin syndrome]]
*[[Lina Stern]], pioneer researcher of [[blood–brain barrier]]
*[[Fyodor Uglov]], oldest practicing surgeon in history
*[[Alexander Varshavsky]], researched [[ubiquitin]]ation, [[Wolf Prize in Medicine]] winner
*[[Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky]], founder of [[purulent]] [[surgery]], saint
*[[Lev Vygotsky]], founder of [[cultural-historical psychology]], major contributor to [[child development]] and [[psycholinguistics]], introduced [[zone of proximal development]] and [[cultural mediation]] concepts
*[[Josias Weitbrecht]], first to describe the construction and function of [[intervertebral disc]]s
*[[Sergei Yudin (surgeon)|Sergei Yudin]], inventor of [[cadaveric blood transfusion]]
*[[Bluma Zeigarnik]], psychiatrist, discovered the [[Zeigarnik effect]], founded experimental [[psychopathology]]

===Economists and sociologists===
*[[Alexander Chayanov]], developed the [[consumption-labour-balance principle]][[File:Leonid Kantorovich 1975.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Leonid Kantorovich]]]]
*[[Georges Gurvitch]], major developer of [[sociology of knowledge]] and [[sociology of law]]
*[[Leonid Kantorovich]], mathematician and economist, founded [[linear programming]], developed the theory of [[optimal allocation]] of resources, [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] winner
*[[Nikolai Kondratiev]], discoverer of the [[Kondratiev wave]]s
*[[Andrey Korotayev]], historian, anthropologist, a founder of [[cliodynamics]], prominent developer of [[social cycle theory]]
*[[Gleb Krzhizhanovsky]], developer of the [[GOELRO plan]], the first Chief of [[Gosplan]]
*[[Simon Kuznets]], discovered the [[Kuznets swing]]s, built the [[Kuznets curve]], disproved the [[Absolute Income Hypothesis]], Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*[[Vladimir Lenin]], leader of the [[October Revolution]] and founder of the Soviet Union, introduced [[planned economy]] and [[Leninism]][[File:Питирим Сорокин.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Pitirim Sorokin]]]]
*[[Evsei Liberman]], laid the scientific support for the Soviet [[1965 Soviet economic reform|Kosygin reform]] in economy
*[[Wassily Leontief]], developed [[input-output analysis]] and the [[Leontief paradox]], Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*[[Vasily Nemchinov]], created the mathematical basis for the Soviet [[central planning]]
*[[Grigory Orlov]], founder of the [[Free Economic Society]]
*[[Pitirim Sorokin]], sociologist, a prominent developer of the [[social cycle theory]]
*[[Stanislav Strumilin]], pioneer of the [[planned economy]], developed the first [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|five-year plans]]

===Historians and archaeologists===
{{main|Russian historians}}
*[[Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov|Mikhail Artamonov]], historian and archaeologist,[[File:Artamonov student.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov|Mikhail Artamonov]]]] founder of modern [[Khazar]] studies, excavated a great number of [[Scythian]] and Khazar [[kurgan]]s and settlements, including [[Sarkel]]
*[[Artemiy Artsikhovsky]], archaeologist, discoverer of [[birch bark document]]s in [[Novgorod]]
*[[Vasily Bartold]], [[turkologist]], the "[[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon]] of [[Turkestan]]", archaeologist of [[Samarcand]]
*[[Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin]], 19th-century historian and [[paleographer]], founder of the [[Bestuzhev Courses]] for women
*[[Nikita Bichurin]], a founder of [[Sinology]], published many documents on [[Chinese history|Chinese]] and [[Mongolian history]], opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia
*[[Nikolay Danilevsky]], ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of [[Eurasianism]], the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct [[civilisations]]
*[[Igor Diakonov]], historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of [[Sumer]] and [[Assyria]]
*[[Boris Farmakovsky]], archaeologist of [[Ancient Greek]] colony [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]][[File:Nikolay Danilevski.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Nikolay Danilevsky]]]]
*[[Vladimir Golenishchev]], egyptologist, excavated [[Wadi Hammamat]], discovered over 6,000 antiquities, including the ''[[Moscow Mathematical Papyrus]]'', the ''[[Story of Wenamun]]'', and various [[Fayum portraits]]
*[[Timofey Granovsky]], a founder of [[mediaeval studies]] in Russia, disproved the historicity of [[Vineta]]
*[[Boris Grekov]], major researcher of [[Kievan Rus']] and the [[Golden Horde]]
*[[Lev Gumilev]], historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of the ancient [[Central Asia]]n peoples, related [[ethnogenesis]] and [[biosphere]], influenced the rise of [[Neo-Eurasianism]]
*[[Boris Hessen]], physicist who brought [[externalism]] into modern [[historiography of science]]
*[[Pyotr Kafarov]], prominent sinologist, discovered ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]''
*[[Nikolai Karamzin]], [[sentimentalist]] writer and historian, author of the 12-volume ''History of the Russian State''[[File:Tropinin karamzin.JPG|thumb|90px|[[Nikolai Karamzin]]]]
*[[Vasily Klyuchevsky]], dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy
*[[Alexander Kazhdan]], [[Byzantinist]], editor of the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]''
*[[Nikodim Kondakov]], prominent researcher of [[Byzantine art]]
*[[Andrey Korotayev]], historian and anthropologist, a founder of [[cliodynamics]], prominent developer of [[social cycle theory]]
*[[Pyotr Kozlov]], explorer of Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient [[Tibetan people|Tangut]] city of [[Khara-Khoto]] and [[Xiongnu]] royal burials at [[Noin-Ula]]
*[[Nikolay Likhachyov]], first and foremost Russian [[sigillographer]], major developer of auxiliary historical disciplines
*[[Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky]], statesman, published the major ''Russian [[Genealogical]] Book''
*[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], polymath scientist and artist, the first opponent of the [[Normanist theory]], published an early account of Russian history
*[[Friedrich Martens]], legal historian, drafted the [[Martens Clause]] of the [[Hague Peace Conference]][[File:MAntokolsky Nestor.JPG|thumb|90px|Nestor the Chronicler]]
*[[Vladimir Minorsky]], prominent historian of [[Persia]]
*[[Yagutil Mishiev]], author of books about the history of [[Derbent]], [[Dagestan]], Russia
*[[Gerhardt Friedrich Müller]], co-founder of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], explorer and the first academic historian of [[Siberia]], a founder of [[ethnography]], author of the first academic account of [[Russian history]], put forth the [[Normanist theory]]
*[[Aleksei Musin-Pushkin]], prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, discoverer of ''[[The Tale of Igor's Campaign]]''
*[[Nestor the Chronicler]], author of the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' (the first [[East Slav]]ic chronicle) and several [[hagiographies]], saint
*[[Alexey Okladnikov]], prominent historian and archaeologist of [[Siberia]] and [[Mongolia]]
*[[Sergey Oldenburg]], a founder of Russian [[Indology]] and the [[Academic Institute of Oriental Studies]]
*[[George Ostrogorsky]], preeminent 20th-century [[Byzantinist]]
*[[Avraamy Palitsyn]], 17th-century historian of the [[Time of Troubles]]
*[[Anna Pankratova]] (1897–1957), leading Soviet historian
*[[Evgeny Pashukanis]], legal historian, wrote ''The General Theory of Law and [[Marxism]]''[[File:Charsolomon TProskouriakoff.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Tatiana Proskouriakoff|Tatyana Proskuryakova]]]]
*[[Boris Piotrovsky]], prominent researcher of [[Urartu]], [[Scythia]], and [[Nubia]], long-term director of the [[Hermitage Museum]]
*[[Mikhail Piotrovsky]], orientalist, current director of the [[Hermitage Museum]]
*[[Mikhail Pogodin]], leading mid-19th-century Russian historian, proponent of the [[Normanist theory]]
*[[Mikhail Pokrovsky]], [[Marxist]] historian prominent in the 1920s
*[[Natalia Polosmak]], archaeologist of [[Pazyryk burials]], discoverer of [[Pazyryk Ice Maiden]]
*[[Alexander Polovtsov]], statesman, historian and [[Maecenas]], founder of the Russian Historian Society
*[[Tatiana Proskouriakoff|Tatyana Proskuryakova]], [[Mayanist]] scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient [[Maya script]]
*[[Semyon Remezov]], cartographer and the first historian of [[Siberia]], author of the ''[[Remezov Chronicle]]''
*[[Mikhail Rostovtsev]], archeologist and economist, the first to thoroughly examine the social and economic systems of the [[Ancient World]], excavated [[Dura-Europos]][[File:Solovjev S. M..jpg|thumb|90px|[[Sergey Solovyov (historian)|Sergey Solovyov]]]]
*[[Nicholas Roerich]], painter, archeologist, explorer of Central Asia, initiated the international [[Roerich's Pact]] on historical monuments protection
*[[Sergei Rudenko]], discoverer of [[Scythian]] [[Pazyryk burials]]
*[[Boris Rybakov]], historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primary opponent of the [[Normanist theory]]
*[[Viktor Sarianidi]], discoverer of the [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]] and the ''[[Bactrian Gold]]'' in Central Asia
*[[Mikhail Shcherbatov]], man of [[Russian Enlightenment]], conservative historian
*[[Sergey Solovyov (historian)|Sergey Solovyov]], principal Russian 19th-century historian, author of the 29-volume ''History of Russia''
*[[V. V. Struve|Vasily Struve]], orientalist and historian of the [[Ancient World]], put forth the [[Marxist]] theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet education
*[[Yevgeny Tarle]], author of the famous studies on [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia]] and on the [[Crimean War]][[File:Tatishchev.png|thumb|90px|[[Vasily Tatischev]]]]
*[[Vasily Tatischev]], statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and published the ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', ''[[Sudebnik]]'' and the controversial ''[[Ioachim Chronicle]]''; wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history
*[[Mikhail Tikhomirov]], major [[paleographer]], published the ''[[Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles]]''
*[[Boris Turayev]], author of the first full-scale ''History of [[Ancient East]]''
*[[Peter Turchin]], population biologist and historian, coined the term ''[[cliodynamics]]''
*[[Aleksey Uvarov]], founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discovered over 750 ancient [[kurgan]]s
*[[Nikolai Yadrintsev]], discoverer of [[Genghis Khan]]'s capital [[Karakorum]] and the [[Orkhon script]] of ancient [[Türks]]
*[[Valentin Yanin]], preeminent researcher of [[birch bark document]]s
*[[Dmitry Yurasov]], historian of soviet repression

===Linguists and ethnographers===
{{main|Russian linguists}}
*[[Vasily Abaev]], major researcher of [[Iranian languages]][[File:Baudouin1.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay]]]]
*[[Alexander Afanasyev]], leading Russian [[folklorist]], recorded and published over 600 [[Russian fairy tale]]s, by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world
*[[Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay]], co-invented the concept of [[phoneme]] and the systematic treatment of [[linguistical alternation]]s, pioneered [[synchronic analysis]] and [[mathematical linguistics]]
*[[Vladimir Bogoraz]], researcher of [[Chukchi people]], founder of the [[Institute of the Peoples of the North]]
*[[Otto von Böhtlingk]], prominent [[Indologist]] and [[Sanskrit grammarian]]
*[[Fyodor Buslaev]], philologist and folklorist, representative of the [[Mythological school]] of [[comparative literature]]
*[[Marina Butovskaya]], [[Ethology|ethologist]] and cultural anthropologist
*[[Vladimir Dahl]], [[Russian language]] [[lexicographer]] of the 19th century, folklorist and [[turkologist]], author of the ''[[Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language]]''
*[[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]], explorer, published the first full-scale work on ethnography of [[indigenous peoples of Russia]]
*[[Dmitry Gerasimov]], medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, correspondent of European [[Renaissance]] scholars[[File:1872. Портрет писателя Владимира Ивановича Даля.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Vladimir Dahl]]]]
*[[Vladislav Illich-Svitych]], founder of [[Nostratic]] linguistics
*[[Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)|Vyacheslav Ivanov]], founder of [[glottalic theory]] of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[consonant]]ism
*[[Roman Jakobson]], preeminent 20th-century linguist and literary theorist, a founder of [[phonology]], major [[Slavist]], author of [[Jackobson's Communication Model]]
*[[Pyotr Kafarov]], prominent [[sinologist]], developed the [[cyrillization of Chinese]], discovered ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]''
*[[Yuri Knorozov]], linguist, [[epigrapher]] and ethnographer, deciphered the [[Maya script]], proposed a decipherment for the [[Indus script]]
*[[Nikolay Krushevsky]], co-inventor of the concept of [[phoneme]] and the systematic treatment of linguistical alternations
*[[Gerasim Lebedev]], pioneer of [[Indology]], introduced [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] typing to Europe, founded the first European-style [[theater]] in India
*[[Dmitry Likhachov]], major 20th-century expert on [[Old East Slavic]] and literature[[File:Miklukho-Maklai.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai]]]]
*[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], polymath scientist and artist, wrote a [[grammar]] that reformed Russian literary language by combining [[Old Church Slavonic]] with vernacular tongue
*[[Nikolay Lvov]], polymath artist and scientist, compiled the first significant collection of [[Russian folk songs]], published epic [[bylina]]s
*[[Richard Maack]], naturalist and ethnographer of [[Siberia]]
*[[Sergey Malov]], turkologist, classified the [[Turkic alphabet (disambiguation)|Turkic alphabets]], deciphered the ancient [[Orkhon script]]
*[[Nicholas Marr]], put forth a pseudo-linguistic ''[[Japhetic theory]]'' on the [[origin of language]]
*[[Igor Melchuk]], structural linguist, author of [[Meaning-Text Theory]]
*[[Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai]], anthropologist who lived and traveled among the natives of [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Pacific islands]], prominent [[anti-racist]]
*[[Semyon Novgorodov]], [[Yakuts|Yakut]] politician and linguist, creator of written [[Yakut language]] ([[Sakha scripts]])
[[File:Nikolai Trubetzkoy.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]]]]
*[[Stephan of Perm]], 14th-century missionary, converted [[Komi Permyaks]] to Christianity and invented the [[Old Permic script]]
*[[Yevgeny Polivanov]], linguist, orientalist and [[polyglot (person)|polyglot]], developed the [[cyrillization of Japanese]]
*[[Nicholas Poppe]], prominent [[Altaic languages|Altaic-language]] researcher
*[[Vladimir Propp]], [[Formalism (literature)|formalist]] scholar, major researcher of [[Folklore|folk tale]]s and [[mythology]]
*[[Isaac Jacob Schmidt]], first researcher of [[Mongolian language]]
*[[Leopold von Schrenck]], naturalist and ethnographer, coined the term ''[[Paleo-Asiatic]] peoples'', the first director of the [[Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography]]
*[[Aleksey Shakhmatov]], founder of [[Textual criticism|textology]], prepared major 20th-century [[reforms of Russian orthography]], pioneered the systematic research of [[Old Russian]] and medieval [[Russian literature]][[File:Zalizn 5.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Andrey Zaliznyak]]]]
*[[Lev Shcherba]], [[phonetician]] and [[phonologist]], author of the ''[[glokaya kuzdra]]'' phrase
*[[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy]], [[Indologist]], initiated the scholarly study of [[Buddhist]] philosophy in the West
*[[Izmail Sreznevsky]], leading 19th-century [[Slavist]], published ''[[Codex Zographensis]]'', ''[[Codex Marianus]]'' and ''[[Kiev Fragments]]''
*[[Sergei Starostin]], prominent supporter of [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] theory, proposed the [[Dené–Caucasian languages]] [[macrofamily]], reconstructed several Eurasian proto-languages
*[[Vasily Tatischev]], geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic [[dictionary]] of [[Russian language]]
*[[Tenevil]], [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] [[reindeer herder]] who created a writing system for the [[Chukchi language]]
*[[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]], principal developer of [[phonology]] and inventor of [[morphophonology]], defined [[phoneme]], a founder of the [[Prague School]] of [[structural linguistics]]
*[[Dmitry Ushakov]], author of the academic ''[[Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov)|Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language]]''[[File:1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Ludwik Zamenhof]]]]
*[[Max Vasmer]], leading [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] [[etymologist]], author of the ''Etymological dictionary of the [[Russian language]]''
*[[Viktor Vinogradov]], linguist and philologist, founder of the [[Russian Language Institute]]
*[[Alexander Vostokov]], coined the term ''[[Old Church Slavonic]]'', discovered the ''[[Ostromir Gospel]]'' (the most ancient book in [[East Slavic language]]), pioneered the research of [[Russian grammar]]
*[[Andrey Zaliznyak]], author of the comprehensive systematic description of Russian [[inflection]], prominent researcher of the [[Old Novgorod dialect]] and [[birch bark document]]s, proved the authenticity of the ''[[Tale of Igor's Campaign]]''
*[[L. L. Zamenhof]], inventor of [[Esperanto]], the most widely spoken [[Constructed language|constructed]] [[international auxiliary language]]

===Mathematicians===
{{main|Russian mathematicians}}
*[[A. D. Aleksandrov|Aleksandr Aleksandrov]], developer of [[CAT(k) space]] and [[Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem]] in geometry[[File:Chebyshev.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Pafnuti Chebyshev]]]]
*[[Pavel Alexandrov]], author of the [[Alexandroff compactification]] and the [[Alexandrov topology]]
*[[Dmitri Anosov]], developed [[Anosov diffeomorphism]]
*[[Vladimir Arnold]], an author of the [[Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem]] in [[dynamical system]]s, solved [[Hilbert's 13th problem]], raised the [[ADE classification]] and [[Arnold's rouble problem]]s
*[[Sergey Bernstein]], developed the [[Bernstein polynomial]], [[Bernstein's theorem (approximation theory)|Bernstein's theorem]] and [[Bernstein inequalities in probability theory]]
*[[Nikolay Bogolyubov]], mathematician and theoretical physicist, author of the [[edge-of-the-wedge theorem]], [[Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem]], [[describing function]] and multiple contributions to [[quantum mechanics]]
*[[Nikolai Chebotaryov]], author of [[Chebotarev's density theorem]]
*[[Pafnuti Chebyshev]], prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematics,[[File:Leonhard Euler 2.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Leonhard Euler]]]] contributed to [[probability]], [[statistics]] and [[number theory]], author of the [[Chebyshev's inequality]], [[Chebyshev distance]], [[Chebyshev function]], [[Chebyshev equation]]
*[[Boris Delaunay]], inventor of [[Delaunay triangulation]], organised the first [[Soviet Student Olympiad]] in mathematics
*[[Vladimir Drinfeld]], mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced [[quantum group]]s and [[ADHM construction]], [[Fields Medal]] winner
*[[Eugene Dynkin]], developed [[Dynkin diagram]], [[Doob–Dynkin lemma]] and [[Dynkin system]] in [[algebra]] and [[probability]]
*[[Leonhard Euler]], preeminent 18th-century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in [[mathematical analysis]], [[graph theory]] and number theory, introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation ([[mathematical function]], [[Euler's number]], [[Euler circle (disambiguation)|Euler circle]]s<!--intentional link to DAB page--> etc.)
*[[Yevgraf Fyodorov]], identified [[Periodic graph (geometry)|Periodic graph]] in geometry, the first to identify all of the 230 [[space group]]s of crystals
*[[Boris Galerkin]], developed the [[Galerkin method]] in [[numerical analysis]][[File:Sofja Wassiljewna Kowalewskaja 1.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Sofia Kovalevskaya]]]]
*[[Israel Gelfand]], contributed to many areas of mathematics, including [[group theory]], [[representation theory]] and [[linear algebra]], author of the [[Gelfand representation]], [[Gelfand pair]], [[Gelfand triple]], [[integral geometry]]; Wolf Prize winner
*[[Alexander Gelfond]], author of [[Gelfond's theorem]], provided means to obtain infinite number of [[transcendentals]], including [[Gelfond–Schneider constant]] and [[Gelfond's constant]], [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics]] winner
*[[M. L. Gromov|Mikhail Gromov]], a prominent developer of [[geometric group theory]], inventor of [[homotopy principle]], introduced Gromov's compactness theorems in [[Gromov's compactness theorem (geometry)|geometry]] and [[Gromov's compactness theorem (topology)|topology]], [[Gromov norm]], [[Gromov product]]; Wolf Prize winner
*[[Leonid Kantorovich]], founder of [[linear programming]], introduced the [[Kantorovich inequality]] and [[Kantorovich metric]], developed the theory of [[optimal allocation]] of resources, [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] winner
*[[Aleksandr Khinchin]], developed the [[Pollaczek-Khinchine formula]], [[Wiener–Khinchin theorem]] and [[Khinchin inequality]] in probability
[[File:Lobachevsky cropped.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]]]
*[[Andrey Kolmogorov]], preeminent 20th-century mathematician, Wolf Prize winner; developed [[probability axioms]], [[Chapman–Kolmogorov equation]] and [[Kolmogorov extension theorem]] in [[probability]]; [[Kolmogorov complexity]]
*[[Maxim Kontsevich]], author of the [[Kontsevich integral]] and [[Kontsevich quantization formula]], Fields Medal winner
*[[Sofia Kovalevskaya]], the first woman professor in Northern Europe and Russia, the first female professor of mathematics, discovered the [[Kovalevskaya top]]
*[[Mark Krein]], developed the [[Tannaka–Krein duality]], [[Krein–Milman theorem]] and [[Krein space]], Wolf Prize winner
*[[N. M. Krylov|Nikolay Krylov]], author of the [[edge-of-the-wedge theorem]], [[Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem]] and [[describing function]]
*[[Yuri Linnik]], developed [[Linnik's theorem]] in [[analytic number theory]]
*[[Nikolai Lobachevsky]], a ''[[Copernicus]] of [[Geometry]]'' who created the first [[non-Euclidean]] geometry ([[Lobachevskian]] or [[hyperbolic geometry]])[[File:Alexander Ljapunow jung.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]]]]
*[[Nikolai Lusin]], developed [[Luzin's theorem]], [[Polish space#Lusin spaces|Luzin spaces]] and [[Luzin set]]s in [[descriptive set theory]]
*[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]], founder of [[stability theory]], author of the [[Lyapunov's central limit theorem]], [[Lyapunov equation]], [[Lyapunov fractal]], [[Lyapunov time]]
*[[Yuri Manin]], author of the [[Gauss–Manin connection]] in [[algebraic geometry]], [[Manin-Mumford conjecture]] and [[Manin obstruction]] in [[diophantine geometry]]
*[[Grigory Margulis]], worked on [[Lattice (discrete subgroup)|lattice]]s in [[Lie groups]], Wolf Prize and [[Fields Medal]] winner
*[[Andrey Markov]], invented the [[Markov chain]]s, proved [[Markov brothers' inequality]], author of the [[hidden Markov model]], [[Markov number]], [[Markov property]], [[Markov's inequality]], [[Markov process]]es, [[Markov random field]], [[Markov algorithm]]
*[[Yuri Matiyasevich]], author of [[Matiyasevich's theorem]] in [[set theory]], provided negative solution for [[Hilbert's tenth problem]]
*[[Pyotr Novikov]], solved the [[word problem for groups]] and [[Burnside's problem]][[File:AAMarkov.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Andrey Markov]]]]
*[[S. P. Novikov|Sergey Novikov]], worked on [[algebraic topology]] and [[soliton theory]], developed [[Adams–Novikov spectral sequence]] and [[Novikov conjecture]], Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
*[[Andrei Okounkov]], researcher of [[infinite symmetric group]]s and [[Hilbert scheme]], Fields Medal winner
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]], mathematician and physicist, author of [[divergence theorem]] and [[partial fractions in integration]]
*[[Grigori Perelman]], major contributor to [[Riemannian geometry]] and [[topology]], proved [[Geometrization conjecture]] and [[Poincaré conjecture]], won a [[Fields medal]] and the first Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award (declined both)
*[[Lev Pontryagin]], blind mathematician, developed [[Pontryagin duality]] and [[Pontryagin class]]es in topology, and [[Pontryagin's minimum principle]] in [[optimal control]]
*[[Lev Schnirelmann]], developed the [[Lusternik–Schnirelmann category]] in topology and [[Schnirelmann density]] of numbers[[File:Sobolev S L.jpeg|thumb|90px|[[Sergei Sobolev]]]]
*[[Moses Schönfinkel]], inventor of [[combinatory logic]]
*[[Yakov Sinai]], developed the [[Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy]] and [[Sinai billiard]], Wolf and Abel Prize winner
*[[Stanislav Smirnov]], prominent researcher of [[triangular lattice]], Fields Medalist
*[[Sergei Sobolev]], introduced the [[Sobolev space]]s and [[mathematical distribution]]s, co-developed the first [[ternary computer]] ''[[Setun]]''
*[[Vladimir Steklov (mathematician)|Vladimir Steklov]], founder of [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]], proved theorems on [[generalized Fourier series]]
*[[Jakow Trachtenberg]], developed the [[Trachtenberg system]] of [[mental calculation]]
*[[A. N. Tikhonov|Andrey Tikhonov]], author of [[Tikhonov regularization]] of [[ill-posed problem]]s, [[Tikhonov space]] and [[Tychonoff's theorem|Tikhonov's theorem]] (central in [[general topology]]), invented [[magnetotellurics]]
*[[Pavel Urysohn]], developed the [[metrization theorems]], [[Urysohn's Lemma]] and [[Fréchet–Urysohn space]] in topology
*[[N. A. Vasiliev|Nicolay Vasilyev]], inventor of [[non-Aristotelian logic]], the forerunner of [[Paraconsistent logic|paraconsistent]] and [[multi-valued logic]]s
*[[I. M. Vinogradov|Ivan Vinogradov]], developed [[Vinogradov's theorem]] and [[Pólya–Vinogradov inequality]] in [[analytic number theory]]
*[[Vladimir Voevodsky]], introduced a [[homotopy theory]] for schemes and modern [[motivic cohomology]], Fields Medalist
*[[Georgy Voronoy]], invented the [[Voronoi diagram]]
*[[Dmitry Yegorov]], author of [[Egorov's Theorem]] in [[mathematical analysis]]
*[[Efim Zelmanov]], solved the [[restricted Burnside problem]], Fields Medal winner

===Astronomers and cosmologists===
{{main|Russian astronomers}}
*[[Viktor Ambartsumian]], one of the founders of [[theoretical astrophysics]], discoverer of [[stellar associations]], founder of [[Byurakan Observatory]][[File:Aleksandr Fridman cropped.png|thumb|90px|[[Alexander Fridman]]]]
*[[Vladimir Belinski]], an author of the [[BKL singularity]] model of the Universe
*[[Aristarkh Belopolsky]], invented a [[spectrograph]] based on the [[Doppler effect]], among the first photographers of [[stellar spectra]]
*[[Fyodor Bredikhin]], developed the theory of [[comet]] tails, [[meteor]]s and [[meteor shower]]s, a director of the [[Pulkovo Observatory]]
*[[Jacob Bruce]], statesman, naturalist and astronomer, founder of the first [[observatory]] in Russia (in the [[Sukharev Tower]])
*[[Lyudmila Chernykh]], astronomer, discovered 268 [[asteroid]]s
*[[Nikolai Chernykh]], astronomer, discovered 537 asteroids and 2 comets
*[[Alexander Fridman]], derived the [[Friedmann equations]] ([[expansion of the universe|expanding-universe]] solution to the [[Einstein field equations|field equations]] of [[general relativity]]), an author of the [[FLRW]] metric of Universe
*[[George Gamow]], discovered [[alpha decay]] via [[quantum tunneling]] and [[Gamow factor]] in [[stellar nucleosynthesis]], introduced the [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis]] theory, predicted [[cosmic microwave background]]
*[[Matvey Gusev]], first to prove the non-sphericity of the [[Moon]], pioneer of photography in astronomy
*[[Nikolai Kardashev]], astrophysicist, inventor of [[Kardashev scale]] for ranking the space civilizations
*[[Isaak Khalatnikov]], an author of the [[BKL singularity]]
*[[Marian Albertovich Kowalski|Marian Kowalski]], first to measure the rotation of the [[Milky Way]]
*[[Anders Johan Lexell]], mathematician, researcher of [[celestial mechanics]] and [[comet]] astronomy, proved that [[Uranus]] is a planet rather than a [[comet]]
*[[Andrei Linde]], created the [[chaotic inflation theory]] of the Universe
*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]], an author of the [[BKL singularity]]
*[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] polymath, invented the [[off-axis reflecting telescope]], discovered the [[atmosphere of Venus]][[File:PGRS 2 081 Struve - crop.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Friedrich Wilhelm Struve]]]]
*[[Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov]], invented the [[Maksutov telescope]]
*[[Viktor Safronov]], author of the [[planetesimal]] hypothesis of [[planet formation]]
*[[Grigory Shayn]], first director of the [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory]], co-developed a method for [[stellar rotation]] measurement
*[[Iosif Shklovsky]], prominent [[radio astronomer]], [[cosmic rays]] and [[extraterrestrial life]] researcher
*[[Friedrich Wilhelm Struve]], founder and the first director of the [[Pulkovo Observatory]], prominent researcher of [[double stars]], initiated the construction of 2,820&nbsp;km long [[Struve Geodetic Arc]], progenitor of the [[Struve family]] of astronomers
*[[Otto Lyudvigovich Struve]], co-developed a method for [[stellar rotation]] measurement, directed several U.S. observatories
*[[Otto Wilhelm von Struve]], director of the Pulkovo Observatory, discovered over 500 [[double stars]]
*[[Rashid Sunyaev]], co-predicted the [[Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect]] of CMB distortion[[File:Sunyaev.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Rashid Sunyaev]]]]
*[[George Volkoff]], predicted the existence of [[neutron stars]]
*[[Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov]], discovered the absorption of light by [[interstellar dust]], author of the ''[[Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies]]''
*[[Ivan Yarkovsky]], discovered the [[Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect|YORP]] and [[Yarkovsky effect]] of [[meteoroid]]s and [[asteroid]]s
*[[A.L. Zaitsev|Aleksandr Zaitsev]], coined the term ''[[Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence]]'', conducted the first intercontinental [[radar astronomy]] experiment, transmitted the [[Cosmic Call]]s
*[[Yakov Zeldovich]], physicist, astrophysicist and cosmologist, the first to suggest that [[accretion disc]]s around massive [[black hole]]s are responsible for the [[quasar]] radiation, co-predicted the [[Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect]]

===Physicists===
{{main|Russian physicists}}
*[[A. A. Abrikosov|Alexei Abrikosov]], discovered how [[magnetic flux]] can penetrate a [[superconductor]] (the [[Abrikosov vortex]]),[[File:Zhores Alferov.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Zhores Alferov]]]] [[Nobel Prize]] winner
*[[Franz Aepinus]], related [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]], proved the electric nature of [[pyroelectricity]], explained [[electric polarization]] and [[electrostatic induction]], invented [[Achromatic lens|achromatic]] [[microscope]]
*[[Zhores Alferov]], inventor of modern [[heterotransistor]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Abram Alikhanov]], a prominent researcher of cosmic rays, built the first [[nuclear reactors]] in the USSR, founder of [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]] (ITEP)
*[[Lev Artsimovich]], builder of the first [[tokamak]], researcher of high temperature [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]
*[[Gurgen Askaryan]], predicted [[self focusing]] of light, discovered [[Askaryan effect]] in the [[particle physics]]
*[[Nikolay Basov]], physicist, co-inventor of [[laser]] and [[maser]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Nikolay Bogolyubov]], co-developed the [[BBGKY hierarchy]], formulated a microscopic theory of [[superconductivity]], suggested a triplet [[quark]] model, introduced a new quantum degree of freedom ([[color charge]])
*[[Gersh Budker]], invented [[electron cooling]], co-invented [[collider]][[File:Moritz Hermann von Jacobi 1856.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Boris Jacobi]]]]
*[[Sergey Chaplygin]], a founder of [[aerodynamics|aero-]] and [[hydrodynamics]], formulated the [[Chaplygin's equation]]s and [[Chaplygin gas]] concept
*[[Pavel Cherenkov]], discoverer of [[Cherenkov radiation]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Yuri Denisyuk]], inventor of [[Holography|3D holography]]
*[[Nikolay Dollezhal]], designer of the reactor for the [[first nuclear power plant]], developer of [[VVER]]-type reactors
*[[Ludvig Faddeev]], discoverer of [[Faddeev–Popov ghosts]] and [[Faddeev equations]] in [[quantum physics]]
*[[Georgy Flyorov]], an initiator of the [[Soviet atomic bomb project]], co-discoverer of [[seaborgium]] and [[bohrium]], founder of the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]]
*[[Vladimir Fock]], developed the [[Fock space]], [[Fock state]] and the [[Hartree–Fock method]] in [[quantum mechanics]]
*[[Ilya Frank]], explained the phenomenon of [[Cherenkov radiation]], Nobel Prize winner[[File:Pyotr L Kapitsa Russian physicist 1964.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Pyotr Kapitsa]]]]
*[[Yakov Frenkel]], introduced the notion of [[electron hole]], discovered the [[Frenkel defect]] of a [[crystal lattice]], described the [[Poole–Frenkel effect]] in [[solid-state physics]]
*[[Andre Geim]], inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize winner, and also [[Ig Nobel Prize]] winner for [[diamagnetic levitation]] of a living [[frog]]
*[[Vitaly Ginzburg]], co-author of the [[Ginzburg–Landau theory]] of [[superconductivity]], a developer of [[hydrogen bomb]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Vladimir Gribov]], introduced [[pomeron]], [[DGLAP]] equations and [[Gribov ambiguity]]
*[[Abram Ioffe]], founder of the Soviet physics school, tutor of many prominent scientists
*[[Dmitri Ivanenko]], proposed the first [[atomic nucleus]] and [[nuclear shell model]]s, predicted the [[synchrotron radiation]], author of the hypothesis of [[quark star]]s
*[[Boris Jacobi]], formulated the [[Maximum power theorem]] in [[electrical engineering]], invented [[electroplating]], [[electrotyping]], [[galvanoplastic sculpture]] and [[electric boat]]
*[[Pyotr Kapitsa]], originated the techniques for creating ultrastrong [[magnetic field]]s, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an [[atomic nucleus]] discovered [[superfluidity]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Yuly Khariton]], chief designer of the [[Soviet atomic bomb]], co-developer of the [[Tsar Bomb]]
*[[Orest Khvolson]], first to study the [[Chwolson ring]] effect of [[gravitational lensing]]
*[[Igor Kurchatov]], builder of the first [[nuclear power plant]], developer of the first [[marine nuclear reactor]]s for surface ships
*[[Lev Landau]], theoretical physicist, developed the [[Ginzburg–Landau theory]] of [[superconductivity]], explained the [[Landau damping]] in [[plasma physics]], pointed out the [[Landau pole]] in [[quantum electrodynamics]], co-author of the famous ''[[Course of Theoretical Physics]]'', Nobel Prize winner
*[[Grigory Landsberg]], co-discoverer of [[Raman scattering]] of light
*[[Mikhail Lavrentyev]], founder of the [[Siberia]]n Division of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]] and [[Akademgorodok]] in [[Novosibirsk]]
*[[Pyotr Lebedev]], first to measure the [[radiation pressure]] on a solid body, thus privoving the [[Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism]][[File:Landau.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Lev Landau]]]]
*[[Heinrich Lenz]], discovered the [[Lenz's law]] of [[electromagnetism]]
*[[Evgeny Lifshitz]], an author of the [[BKL singularity]] model of the Universe, co-author of the ''[[Course of Theoretical Physics]]''
*[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], polymath scientist, artist and inventor; proposed the law of [[conservation of matter]], disproved the [[phlogiston theory]]
*[[Oleg Losev]], inventor of [[light-emitting diode]] and [[crystadine]]
*[[A. A. Makarov|Alexander Makarov]], inventor of [[orbitrap]]
*[[Boris Mamyrin]], inventor of [[reflectron]]
*[[Leonid Mandelshtam]], co-discoverer of [[Raman effect]]
*[[Konstantin Novoselov]], inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Yuri Oganessian]], nuclear physicist in the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]], co-discoverer of the heaviest elements in the periodic table; element [[Oganesson]]
*[[V. V. Petrov|Vasily Petrov]], discoverer of [[electric arc]], proposed [[arc lamp]] and [[arc welding]][[File:Emil Lenz.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Heinrich Lenz]]]]
*[[Boris Podolsky]], an author of [[EPR Paradox]] in [[quantum physics]]
*[[A. M. Polyakov|Alexander Polyakov]], developed the concepts of [[Polyakov action]], [['t Hooft–Polyakov monopole]] and [[BPST instanton]]
*[[Isaak Pomeranchuk]], predicted [[synchrotron radiation]]
*[[Bruno Pontecorvo]], a founder of [[neutrino]] [[high energy physics]], whose work led to the discovery of [[PMNS matrix]]
*[[A. Popov|Alexander Popov]], inventor of [[lightning detector]], one of the [[inventors of radio]], recorded the first experimental [[radiolocation]] at sea
*[[Victor Popov]], co-discoverer of [[Faddeev–Popov ghost]]s in quantum field theory
*[[Alexander Prokhorov]], co-inventor of [[laser]] and [[maser]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]], inventor of [[electrometer]], pioneer researcher of [[atmospheric electricity]], killed by a [[ball lightning]] in experiment
*[[Andrei Sakharov]], co-developer of [[tokamak]] and the [[Tsar Bomb]], inventor of [[explosively pumped flux compression generator]], [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner[[File:Vasily petrov.jpg|thumb|90px|[[V. V. Petrov|Vasily Petrov]]]]
*[[Nikolay Semyonov]], physical chemist, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an [[atomic nucleus]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner
*[[Lev Shubnikov]], discoverer of [[Shubnikov–de Haas effect]], one of the first researchers of [[solid hydrogen]] and [[liquid helium]]
*[[Dmitri Skobeltsyn]], first to use [[cloud chamber]] for studying [[cosmic rays]], the first to observe [[positron]]s
*[[Aleksandr Stoletov]], inventor of [[photoelectric cell]], built the [[Stoletov curve]], pioneered the research of [[ferromagnetism]]
*[[Igor Tamm]], explained the phenomenon of [[Cherenkov radiation]], co-developer of [[tokamak]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Nikolay Umov]], discovered the [[Umov–Poynting vector]] and [[Umov effect]], the first to propose the formula [[Mass–energy equivalence|<small><math>E=kmc^2</math></small>]]
*[[Petr Ufimtsev]], developed the theory that led to modern [[stealth technology]]
*[[Sergey Vavilov]], co-discoverer of [[Cherenkov radiation]], formulated the [[Kasha–Vavilov rule]] of [[quantum yield]]s[[File:Alexander stoletov.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Aleksandr Stoletov]]]]
*[[Vladimir Veksler]], inventor of [[synchrophasotron]], co-inventor of [[synchrotron]]
*[[Evgeny Velikhov]], leader of the international program [[ITER]] (thermonuclear experimental [[tokamak]])
*[[Alexey Yekimov]], discoverer of [[quantum dot]]s
*[[Yevgeny Zavoisky]], inventor of [[EPR spectroscopy]], co-developer of [[NMR spectroscopy]]
*[[Yakov Zeldovich]], physicist and cosmologist, predicted the [[beta decay]] of a [[pi meson]] and the [[muon]] [[catalysis]], co-predicted the [[Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect]] of CMB distortion
*[[Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky|Nikolai Zhukovsky]], a founder of [[aerodynamics|aero-]] and [[hydrodynamics]], the first to study airflow, author of [[Joukowsky transform]] and [[Kutta–Joukowski theorem]], founder of [[TsAGI]], pioneer of aviation

===Chemists and material scientists===
[[File:Butlerov A.png|thumb|90px|[[Aleksandr Butlerov]]]]
{{main|Russian chemists}}

*[[Ernest Beaux]], inventor of [[Chanel No. 5]], "the world's most legendary fragrance"
*[[Nikolay Beketov]], inventor of [[aluminothermy]], a founder of [[physical chemistry]]
*[[Friedrich Konrad Beilstein]], proposed the [[Beilstein test]] for [[halogen]] detection, compiled the [[Beilstein database]] in [[organic chemistry]]
*[[Boris Belousov (chemist)|Boris Belousov]], discoverer of [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], a classical example of [[non-equilibrium thermodynamics]]
*[[Alexander Borodin]], chemist and composer, the author of the famous opera ''[[Prince Igor]]'', discovered [[Borodin reaction]], co-discovered [[Aldol reaction]]
*[[Aleksandr Butlerov]], discovered [[hexamine]], [[formaldehyde]] and [[formose reaction]] (the first synthesis of [[sugar]]), the first to incorporate [[double bond]]s into structural formulae, a founder of [[organic chemistry]] and the theory of [[chemical structure]]
*[[Dmitry Chernov]], founder of modern [[metallography]], discovered [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphism]] in metals, built the [[iron]]–[[carbon]] [[phase diagram]]
*[[Aleksei Chichibabin]], discovered [[Chichibabin pyridine synthesis]], [[Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis]] and [[Chichibabin reaction]]
*[[Karl Ernst Claus]], chemist and botanist, discoverer of [[ruthenium]][[File:Jewgraf Stepanowitsch Fjodorow.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Yevgraf Fyodorov]]]]
*[[Aleksandr Dianin]], discovered [[Bisphenol A]] and [[Dianin's compound]]
*[[Constantin Fahlberg]], inventor of [[saccharin]], the first [[artificial sweetener]]
*[[Alexey Favorsky]], discoverer of [[Favorskii rearrangement]] and [[Favorskii reaction]] in organic chemistry
*[[Alexander Frumkin]], a founder of modern [[electrochemistry]], author of the theory of [[electrode]] reactions
*[[Yevgraf Fyodorov]], the first to enumerate all of the 230 [[space group]]s of [[crystal]]s, thus founding the modern [[crystallography]]
*[[Andre Geim]], inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*[[Vladimir Ipatieff]], inventor of [[Ipatieff bomb]], a founder of [[petrochemistry]]
*[[Isidore (inventor)|Isidore]], legendary inventor of [[Russian vodka]]
*[[Boris Jacobi]], re-discovered and commercialized [[electroplating]][[File:Sergey Lebedev.jpg|thumb|90px|[[S. V. Lebedev|Sergei Lebedev]]]]
*[[Pyotr Kapitsa]], discovered [[superfluidity]] while studying [[liquid helium]], Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*[[Gottlieb Kirchhoff]], discoverer of [[glucose]]
*[[Ivan Knunyants]], inventor of [[poly-caprolactam]], a developer of Soviet [[chemical weapons]]
*[[Sergey Lebedev (chemist)|Sergei Lebedev]], inventor of [[polybutadiene]], the first commercially viable [[synthetic rubber]]
*[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], polymath, coined the term ''[[physical chemistry]]'', re-discovered [[smalt]], disproved the [[phlogiston theory]], the first to record the [[freezing]] of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]
*[[Aleksandr Loran]], inventor of [[fire fighting foam]]
*[[Konstantin Novoselov]], inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*[[Vladimir Markovnikov]], author of the [[Markovnikov's rule]] in organic chemistry, discoverer of [[naphthenes]][[File:DIMendeleevCab.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Dmitri Mendeleyev]]]]
*[[Dmitri Mendeleyev]], invented the [[Periodic table]] of [[chemical elements]], the first to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered, inventor of [[pyrocollodion]], developer of [[pipeline transport|pipelines]] and a prominent researcher of [[vodka]]
*[[Nikolai Menshutkin]], discoverer of [[Menshutkin reaction]] in organic chemistry
*[[Ilya Prigogine]], researcher of [[dissipative system]]s, [[complex systems]] and [[irreversibility]], Nobel Prize winner
*[[Sergey Reformatsky]], discoverer of the [[Reformatsky reaction]] in organic chemistry
*[[Nikolay Semyonov]], physical chemist, author of the [[chain reaction]] theory, Nobel Prize winner
*[[Vladimir Shukhov]], polymath, inventor of [[chemical cracking]]
*[[Mikhail Tsvet]], botanist, inventor of [[chromatography]]
*[[Victor Veselago]], the first researcher of materials with negative [[permittivity]] and [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]][[File:Tswett 01.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Mikhail Tsvet]]]]
*[[Dmitry Vinogradov]], inventor of the [[Russian porcelain]]
*[[Paul Walden]], discovered the [[Walden inversion]] and [[ethylammonium nitrate]], the first room temperature [[ionic liquid]]
*[[Alexander Zaytsev (chemist)|Alexander Zaytsev]], author of the [[Zaitsev's rule]] in organic chemistry
*[[Nikolay Zelinsky]], inventor of [[activated charcoal]] [[WWI gas mask|gas mask]] in Europe during World War I, co-discoverer of [[Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation]], a founder of [[petrochemistry]]
*[[Nikolai Zinin]], discovered [[benzidine]], co-discovered [[aniline]], the first President of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society

===Philosophers===
{{main|Russian philosophers}}

====Imperial period====

====Soviet period====

====Modern====
*[[Elena Oznobkina]], researcher and translator of [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] and [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], theorist and critic of Russian prison system, editor of Russian edition of [[Index on Censorship]] magazine, human rights activist

===Orientalists===

====East Asian studies====
*[[Eliahu Eilat]] (1903–1990), Israeli diplomat and president of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
*[[Evgeny Torchinov]], academic, researcher and translator of texts of [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]] into [[Russian language|Russian]]; founder of Chair of Eastern Philosophy at [[St. Petersburg State University]]