Editing Light-emitting diode (section)

== Health and safety ==

Certain blue LEDs and cool-white LEDs can exceed safe limits of the so-called [[blue-light hazard]] as defined in eye safety specifications such as "ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1–05: Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamp and Lamp Systems".<ref name="BlueLEDAhealthHazard">{{cite news | url=http://texyt.com/bright+blue+leds+annoyance+health+risks | title=Blue LEDs: A health hazard? | publisher=texyt.com | date=January 15, 2007 | access-date=September 3, 2007}}</ref> One study showed no evidence of a risk in normal use at domestic illuminance,<ref>[https://www.radioprotection.org/articles/radiopro/abs/2017/04/radiopro170025/radiopro170025.html Some evidences that white LEDs are toxic for human at domestic radiance?]. Radioprotection (2017-09-12). Retrieved on 2018-07-31.</ref> and that caution is only needed for particular occupational situations or for specific populations.<ref>Point, S. and Barlier-Salsi, A. (2018) {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180614144321/http://www.sfrp.asso.fr/medias/sfrp/documents/Divers/Fiche%20lampes%20%C3%A0%20Led%20SFRP%20-%20Anglais%20_%2006-2018%20(2).pdf LEDs lighting and retinal damage]}}, technical information sheets, SFRP</ref> In 2006, the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] published ''IEC 62471 Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems'', replacing the application of early laser-oriented standards for classification of LED sources.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2012/11/led-based-products-must-meet-photobiological-safety-standards-part-2-magazine.html |title=LED Based Products Must Meet Photobilogical Safety Standards: Part 2 |website=ledsmagazine.com |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref>

While LEDs have the advantage over [[fluorescent lamp]]s, in that they do not contain [[mercury (element)|mercury]], they may contain other hazardous metals such as [[lead]] and [[arsenic]].<ref name=Limetal2011>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lim | first1 = S. R. | last2 = Kang | first2 = D. | last3 = Ogunseitan | first3 = O. A. | last4 = Schoenung | first4 = J. M. | title = Potential Environmental Impacts of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): Metallic Resources, Toxicity, and Hazardous Waste Classification | doi = 10.1021/es101052q | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 320–327 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21138290 | bibcode = 2011EnST...45..320L}}</ref>

In 2016 the [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) issued a statement concerning the possible adverse influence of blueish [[street light]]ing on the [[sleep-wake cycle]] of city-dwellers. Critics in the industry claim exposure levels are not high enough to have a noticeable effect.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ledroadwaylighting.com/fr/nouvelles/612-response-to-the-american-medical-association-statement-on-high-intensity-street-lighting.html |title=Response to the AMA Statement on High Intensity Street Lighting |website=ledroadwaylighting.com |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121117/https://www.ledroadwaylighting.com/fr/nouvelles/612-response-to-the-american-medical-association-statement-on-high-intensity-street-lighting.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>