Editing Leon Trotsky (section)

=== Mexico ===
[[File:Leon Trotsky House, Mexico City (7144251529).jpg|thumb|Trotsky's house in [[Coyoacán]], Mexico City, from April 1939 until his assassination in August 1940]]
[[File:Trotsky & Khalo.jpg|thumb|Trotsky (centre, with glasses and goatee) arrives in Mexico, January 1937, with his wife Natalia Sedova (to his left). Artist [[Frida Kahlo]] is behind them (to Trotsky's right).]]
[[File:Trotsky Speech In Mexico (1930-1939).webm|thumb|Video of Trotsky speaking in Mexico, thanking the country and President Lázaro Cárdenas for asylum, and denouncing Stalin's trials as based on false evidence. (c. 1937–1939)]]
The ''Ruth'' arrived in Mexico on 9 January 1937.<ref name="author" /> President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] welcomed Trotsky and arranged a special train, ''The Hidalgo'', to bring him to Mexico City from [[Tampico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxist.com/house-in-coyacan-reflections-trotsky.htm|title=The House in Coyoacán – Reflection on Trotsky's last years|first=Alan|last=Woods|date=30 June 2003|website=Marxist.com|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162137/https://www.marxist.com/house-in-coyacan-reflections-trotsky.htm|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

From January 1937 to April 1939, Trotsky and his wife lived in Coyoacán at [[La Casa Azul (The Blue House)]], home of painter [[Frida Kahlo]] (with whom Trotsky had an affair) and her husband, fellow painter [[Diego Rivera]].<ref>Herrera, Hayden (1983). ''A Biography of Frida Kahlo''. New York: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|978-0060085896}}</ref><ref name="Patenaude, Bertrand">Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009) ''Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary'' New York: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|978-0060820688}}</ref> Kahlo later presented him with ''[[Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky]]'' on his birthday, the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution.<ref name=kettenmann>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_ZdPsktyjEC&dq=%22Self-Portrait+Dedicated+to+Leon+Trotsky%22&pg=PA41 | title=Frida Kahlo, 1907-1954: Pain and Passion | publisher=Taschen | author=Kettenmann, Andrea | year=2003 | pages=41 | isbn=9783822859834}}</ref> His final move, after a break with Rivera, was to a residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939.<ref name="Patenaude, Bertrand" />

Trotsky wrote prolifically in exile, including ''[[History of the Russian Revolution]]'' (1930) and ''[[The Revolution Betrayed]]'' (1936), a critique of the Soviet Union under [[Stalinism]]. He argued the Soviet state had become a "[[degenerated workers' state]]" controlled by an undemocratic bureaucracy, which would either be overthrown via a [[Political revolution (Trotskyism)|political revolution]] establishing workers' democracy, or degenerate into a capitalist class.<ref>Daniel Gaido, "Marxist Analyses of Stalinism", ''Science & Society'' 75/1 (Jan. 2011): 99–107. www.jstor.org/stable/25769086.</ref>

In Mexico, Trotsky worked closely with [[James P. Cannon]], [[Joseph Hansen (socialist)|Joseph Hansen]], and [[Farrell Dobbs]] of the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] of the United States, and other supporters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcannonJ.htm|title=James P. Cannon|work=Spartacus Educational|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053432/https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcannonJ.htm|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Cannon, a long-time leader in the American communist movement, had supported Trotsky since reading his criticisms of the Soviet Union in 1928. Trotsky's critique of Stalinism, though banned, was distributed to Comintern leaders. [[Chen Duxiu]], founder of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], was another supporter.<ref>Chen, Duxiu. [https://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/chen-duxiu/1931/05/chinlo.htm "The Unification of the Chinese Opposition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053628/https://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/chen-duxiu/1931/05/chinlo.htm |date=11 December 2017}}, ''The Militant'', 15 June 1931.</ref>

Trotsky collaborated with [[André Breton]] and Diego Rivera on the [[Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art]] (1938), emphasizing artistic freedom outside capitalist and Stalinist constraints. This inspired the International Federation of Independent Revolutionary Art (FIARI) in 1938, though it was short-lived, ending before 1940.<ref>André Breton and Leon Trotsky, ''Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art'', 1938, in ''Free Rein'', University of Nebraska Press, 1995.</ref>