Editing Italy (section)

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Italy}}
Italy is one of the primary birthplaces of [[Western civilisation]] and a [[cultural superpower]].<ref>Among others, Italy has been described as a "cultural superpower" by [https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/coming-to-the-us-the-year-of-italian-culture-2013/2012/10/15/29f404a8-1703-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html ''The Washington Post''], the U.S. president [[Barack Obama]], and the former Foreign Affairs Minister [[Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata]]. {{Cite web |url=http://www.arabnews.com/italy-cultural-superpower |title=Italy, a cultural superpower |date=2 June 2012 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226231012/http://www.arabnews.com/italy-cultural-superpower |url-status=bot: unknown }}.</ref> Italy's culture has been shaped by a multitude of regional customs and local centres of power and patronage.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Killinger|first=Charles|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00char/page/3|title=Culture and customs of Italy|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-3133-2489-5|edition=1. publ.|location=Westport, Conn.|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00char/page/3 3]}}</ref> Italy has made substantial contributions to the [[Culture of Europe|cultural and historical heritage of Europe.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cole|first=Alison|title=Virtue and magnificence: art of the Italian Renaissance courts|publisher=H.N. Abrams|year=1995|isbn=978-0-8109-2733-9|location=New York}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Italian architecture}}
[[File:Reggia di Caserta - panoramio - Carlo Pelagalli (2).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Royal Palace of Caserta]] is the largest former royal residence in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronopoulou |first=Angeliki |date=23 January 2024 |title=Reggia Di Caserta Historical Overview |url=https://www.academia.edu/44592878 |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=Academia |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTdlAQAAQBAJ|title=Dictionnaire amoureux de Versailles|first=Franck|last=FERRAND|date=October 24, 2013|publisher=Place des éditeurs|isbn=9782259222679 |via=Google Books}}</ref>]]

Italy is known for its architectural achievements,<ref>[http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp Architecture in Italy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115053940/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp|date=15 January 2012}}, ItalyTravel.com</ref> such as the construction of arches, domes, and similar structures by ancient Rome, the founding of the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance architectural movement]] in the late 14th to 16th centuries, and as the home of [[Palladianism]], a style that inspired movements such as [[Neoclassical architecture]] and influenced designs of country houses all over the world, notably in the UK and US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries.

The first to begin a recognised sequence of designs were the Greeks and the Etruscans, progressing to classical Roman,<ref>Sear, Frank. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rkdt_p6uvw0C&pg=PA10 ''Roman architecture.''] Cornell University Press, 1983. p. 10. Web. 23 September 2011.</ref> then the revival of the classical Roman era during the Renaissance, and evolving into the Baroque era. The Christian concept of the basilica, a style that came to dominate in the Middle Ages, was invented in Rome.<ref>[http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/christian-byzanthine.asp Italy Architecture: Early Christian and Byzanthine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328131150/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/christian-byzanthine.asp|date=28 March 2013}}, ItalyTravel.com</ref> [[Romanesque architecture]], which flourished from approximately 800 to 1100 AD, was one of the most fruitful and creative periods in Italian architecture, when masterpieces, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] in Milan, were built. It was known for its usage of Roman arches, stained glass windows, and curved columns. The main innovation of Italian Romanesque architecture was the vault, which had never been seen in Western architecture.<ref>[http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/romanesque.asp Italy Architecture: Romanesque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328120342/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/romanesque.asp|date=28 March 2013}}, ItalyTravel.com</ref>

Italian architecture significantly evolved during the Renaissance. [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] contributed to architectural design with his dome for the Cathedral of Florence, a feat of engineering not seen since antiquity.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Stephen J|title=Italian Renaissance Art|last2=Cole|first2=Michael Wayne|publisher=Thames & Hudson Inc|year=2012|location=New York|pages=95–97}}</ref> A popular achievement of Italian Renaissance architecture was [[St. Peter's Basilica]], designed by [[Donato Bramante]] in the early 16th century. Andrea Palladio influenced architects throughout Western Europe with the villas and palaces he designed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

The [[Baroque architecture|Baroque period]] produced outstanding Italian architects. The most original work of late Baroque and Rococo architecture is the [[Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi]].<ref>R. De Fusco, ''A thousand years of architecture in Europe'', pg. 443.</ref> In 1752, [[Luigi Vanvitelli]] began the construction of the [[Royal Palace of Caserta]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hersey|first=George|title=Architecture and Geometry in the Age of the Baroque|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn=0-2263-2784-1|location=Chicago|page=119}}</ref> In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Italy was influenced by the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical architectural]] movement. Villas, palaces, gardens, interiors, and art began again to be based on ancient Roman and Greek themes.<ref>[http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/neoclassicism.asp Italy Architecture: Neoclassicism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328084932/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/neoclassicism.asp|date=28 March 2013}}, ItalyTravel.com</ref>

During the Fascist period, the supposedly "[[Novecento movement]]" flourished, based on the rediscovery of imperial Rome. [[Marcello Piacentini]], responsible for the urban transformations of cities, devised a form of simplified Neoclassicism.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Renzo Piano|url=https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/renzo-piano|access-date=20 August 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== Visual art ===
{{Main|Italian art}}
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' (1494–1499), [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan|Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie]], Milan]]

The history of Italian visual arts is significant to [[Western painting]]. [[Roman art]] was influenced by Greece and can be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman Painting|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726163006/http://art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html|archive-date=26 July 2013|publisher=art-and-archaeology.com}}</ref> These may contain the first examples of [[trompe-l'œil]], pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman Wall Painting|url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319123717/http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm|archive-date=19 March 2007|publisher=accd.edu}}</ref>

The Italian Renaissance is considered to be the [[Golden Age (metaphor)|golden age]] of painting, spanning from the 14th through the mid-17th centuries and having significant influence outside Italy. Artists such as [[Masaccio]], [[Filippo Lippi]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Raphael]], and [[Titian]] took painting to a higher level through the use of [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]]. Michelangelo was also active as a sculptor; his works include masterpieces such as ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'', ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'', and ''[[Moses (Michelangelo)|Moses]]''.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, the [[High Renaissance]] gave rise to a stylised art known as [[Mannerism]]. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterised art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The unperturbed faces and gestures of [[Piero della Francesca]] and the calm Virgins of Raphael were replaced by the troubled expressions of [[Pontormo]] and emotional intensity of [[El Greco]].

[[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' (1484–1486), [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Uffizi|Uffizi Gallery]], Florence]]
In the 17th century, among the greatest painters of [[Italian Baroque]] are [[Caravaggio]], [[Artemisia Gentileschi]], [[Carlo Saraceni]], and [[Bartolomeo Manfredi]]. In the 18th century, [[Italian Rococo art|Italian Rococo]] was mainly inspired by [[French Rococo]]. Italian Neoclassical sculpture focused, with [[Antonio Canova]]'s nudes, on the idealist aspect of the movement.

In the 19th century, Romantic painters included [[Francesco Hayez]] and [[Francesco Podesti]]. [[Impressionism]] was brought from France to Italy by the ''[[Macchiaioli]]'', and [[Realism (arts)|realism]] by [[Gioacchino Toma]] and [[Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo]]. In the 20th century, with [[futurism]], Italy rose again as a seminal country for evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of [[Giorgio de Chirico]], who exerted an influence on the [[surrealists]].<ref>Gale, Matthew. "Pittura Metafisica". ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. Web.</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Italian literature}}
Formal Latin literature began in 240 BC, when the first stage play was performed in Rome.<ref>Duckworth, George Eckel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3 ''The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment.''] University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011.</ref> Latin literature was, and is, highly influential, with numerous writers, poets, philosophers, and historians, such as [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Pliny the Younger]], [[Virgil]], [[Horace]], [[Propertius]], [[Ovid]], and [[Livy]]. The Romans were famous for their oral tradition, poetry, drama, and epigrams.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{Google books|LHA_SydyKOYC|page=PA39|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts.|date=2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-6153-0490-5|access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> In the early 13th century, [[Francis of Assisi]] was the first Italian poet, with his religious song ''[[Canticle of the Sun]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{Google books|3uq0bObScHMC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-5216-6622-0|editor-last=Brand|editor-first=Peter|chapter=2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.)|access-date=31 December 2015|editor-last2=Pertile|editor-first2=Lino|editor-link2=Lino Pertile|chapter-url={{Google books|3uq0bObScHMC|page=PA5|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172548/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dante03.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Dante Alighieri]], whose works helped establish modern [[Italian language]], is considered one of the greatest poets of the [[Middle Ages]]. His epic poem ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' ranks among the finest works of [[world literature]].]]
At the court of [[Emperor Frederick II]] in Sicily, in the 13th century, lyrics modelled on Provençal forms and themes were written in a refined version of the local vernacular. One of these poets was [[Giacomo da Lentini]], inventor of the [[sonnet]] form; the most famous early sonneteer was [[Petrarch]].<ref>Ernest Hatch Wilkins, ''The invention of the sonnet, and other studies in Italian literature'' (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1959), 11–39</ref>

[[Guido Guinizelli]] is the founder of the ''[[Dolce Stil Novo]]'', a school that added a philosophical dimension to love poetry. This new understanding of love, expressed in a smooth style, influenced the Florentine poet [[Dante Alighieri]], who established the basis of modern Italian. Dante's work, ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', is among the finest in literature.<ref name="Bloom">{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|author-link=Harold Bloom|url=https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich|title=The Western Canon|publisher=Harcourt Brace|year=1994|isbn=978-0-1519-5747-7|url-access=registration}} See also [[Western canon]] for other "canons" that include the ''Divine Comedy''.</ref> Petrarch and [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] sought and imitated the works of antiquity and cultivated their own artistic personalities. Petrarch achieved fame through his collection of poems, ''[[Il Canzoniere]]''. Equally influential was Boccaccio's ''[[The Decameron]]'', a very popular collection of short stories.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron.|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70836/Giovanni-Boccaccio/755/The-Decameron|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020413/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70836/Giovanni-Boccaccio/755/The-Decameron|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Renaissance authors' works include [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'', an essay on political science in which the "effectual truth" is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. [[Giovanni Francesco Straparola]] and [[Giambattista Basile]], who wrote ''[[The Facetious Nights of Straparola]]'' (1550–55) and the ''[[Pentamerone]]'' (1634), respectively, printed some of the first known versions of fairy tales in Europe.<ref>Steven Swann Jones, ''The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of Imagination'', Twayne Publishers, New York, 1995, {{ISBN|0-8057-0950-9}}, p. 38; Bottigheimer 2012a, 7; Waters 1894, xii; Zipes 2015, 599.; {{Citation|last1=Opie|first1=Iona|title=The Classic Fairy Tales|year=1974|url=https://archive.org/details/classicfairytale00opie_0|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1921-1559-1|last2=Opie|first2=Peter|author-link=Iona Opie|author-link2=Peter Opie}} See p. 20. The claim for earliest fairy-tale is still debated, see for example Jan M. Ziolkowski, ''Fairy tales from before fairy tales: the medieval Latin past of wonderful lies'', University of Michigan Press, 2007. Ziolkowski examines [[Egbert of Liège]]'s Latin beast poem ''Fecunda natis'' (''The Richly Laden Ship'', c. 1022/24), the earliest known version of "[[Little Red Riding Hood]]". Further info: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023044216/http://www.leithart.com/archives/003139.php Little Red Pentecostal], Peter J. Leithart, 9 July 2007.</ref> The Baroque period produced the clear scientific prose of [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]. In the 17th century, the [[Academy of Arcadia|Arcadians]] began a movement to restore simplicity and classical restraint to poetry.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Academy-of-Arcadia Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Academy of Arcadia". ''Encyclopedia Britannica'']</ref>

Italian writers embraced Romanticism in the 19th century; it coincided with ideas of the [[Risorgimento]], the movement that brought Italian unification. Unification was heralded by the poets [[Vittorio Alfieri]], [[Ugo Foscolo]], and [[Giacomo Leopardi]]. Works by [[Alessandro Manzoni]], the leading Italian Romantic, are a symbol of Italian unification for their patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of modern, unified Italian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2023|title=Alessandro Manzoni {{!}} Italian author|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Manzoni|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

[[File:Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Machiavelli]], the founder of modern [[political science]]]]
In the late 19th century, a literary movement called ''[[Verismo (literature)|verismo]]'', which extolled realism, played a major role in Italian literature. [[Emilio Salgari]], a writer of action-adventure [[swashbuckler]]s and a pioneer of science fiction, published his ''[[Sandokan]]'' series.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gaetana Marrone|url={{Google books|d9NcAgAAQBAJ|page=PA1654|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies|last2=Paolo Puppa|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-1-1354-5530-9|page=1654}}</ref> In 1883, [[Carlo Collodi]] published ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'', which became the most celebrated children's classic by an Italian author and one of the world's [[List of literary works by number of translations|most translated]] non-religious books.<ref>Giovanni Gasparini. ''La corsa di Pinocchio''. Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 1997. p. 117. {{ISBN|8-8343-4889-3}}</ref> A movement called [[futurism]] influenced literature in the early 20th century. [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]] wrote ''[[Manifesto of Futurism]]'' and called for the use of language and metaphors that glorified the speed, dynamism, and violence of the machine age.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 20th-Century art book.|publisher=Phaidon Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7148-3542-6|edition=Reprinted.|location=dsdLondon}}</ref>

Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], nationalist poet [[Giosuè Carducci]] 1906 Nobel laureate, realist writer [[Grazia Deledda]] 1926 laureate, modern theatre author [[Luigi Pirandello]] in 1936, short story writer [[Italo Calvino]] in 1960, poets [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] in 1959 and [[Eugenio Montale]] in 1975, [[Umberto Eco]] in 1980, and satirist and theatre author [[Dario Fo]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All Nobel Prizes in Literature|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529091551/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates|archive-date=29 May 2011|access-date=30 May 2011|publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref>

=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|Italian philosophy}}
Italian philosophy had an influence on [[Western philosophy]], beginning with the Greeks and Romans, and Renaissance humanism, the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and [[modern philosophy]].<ref name="Garin">{{Cite book|last=Garin|first=Eugenio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC|title=History of Italian Philosophy|publisher=VIBS|year=2008|isbn=978-9-0420-2321-5}}</ref> Formal philosophy was introduced to Italy by [[Pythagoras]], founder of the Italian school of philosophy in [[Crotone]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herodotus|title=The Histories|publisher=Penguin Classics|page=226}}</ref> Italian philosophers of the Greek period include [[Xenophanes]], [[Parmenides]], and [[Zeno of Elea|Zeno]]. Roman philosophers include [[Cicero]], [[Lucretius]], [[Seneca the Younger]], [[Plutarch]], [[Epictetus]], [[Marcus Aurelius]], and [[Augustine of Hippo]].<ref name=Garin/>

[[File:Famous Italian philosophers.jpg|thumb|Clockwise from top left: [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]], theologian;<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Thomas Aquinas {{!}} Biography, Philosophy, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas|access-date=20 January 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[Giordano Bruno|Bruno]], [[cosmologist]];<ref>Gatti, Hilary. ''Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science: Broken Lives and Organizational Power''. Cornell University Press, 2002, 1. {{ISBN|0-8014-8785-4}}.</ref> [[Cesare Beccaria|Beccaria]], [[criminologist]];<ref name="Hostettler-2011">{{Cite book|last=Hostettler|first=John|title=Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of 'On Crimes and Punishments'|date=2011|publisher=Waterside Press|isbn=978-1-9043-8063-4|location=Hampshire|page=160}}</ref> and [[Maria Montessori|Montessori]], of [[Montessori education]]<ref name="Montessori">{{Cite web|title=Introduction to Montessori Method|url=https://amshq.org/Montessori-Education/Introduction-to-Montessori|publisher=American Montessori Society}}</ref>]]
Italian medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included theologians such as [[Thomas Aquinas]], a classical proponent of [[natural theology]], who reintroduced [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] to Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blair|first=Peter|title=Reason and Faith: The Thought of Thomas Aquinas|url=http://www.dartmouthapologia.org/articles/show/125|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913011656/http://www.dartmouthapologia.org/articles/show/125|archive-date=13 September 2013|access-date=18 December 2013|website=The Dartmouth Apologia}}</ref> Renaissance philosophers include: [[Giordano Bruno]], a major scientific figure of the West; [[Marsilio Ficino]], a humanist philosopher; and [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], a founder of modern [[political science]]. Machiavelli's most famous work is ''[[The Prince]]'', whose contribution to political thought is the fundamental break between political [[idealism]] and [[Realism (international relations)|realism]].<ref>Moschovitis Group Inc, Christian D. Von Dehsen and Scott L. Harris, ''Philosophers and religious leaders'', (The Oryx Press, 1999), 117.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Enlightenment throughout Europe|url=http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082708/http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm|archive-date=23 January 2013|access-date=12 December 2017|website=International World History Project}}</ref> University cities such as Padua, Bologna, and Naples remained centres of scholarship, with philosophers such as [[Giambattista Vico]].<ref name="maritain.nd.edu">{{Cite web|title=History of Philosophy 70|url=http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033238/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=12 December 2017|website=maritain.nd.edu}}</ref> [[Cesare Beccaria]] was a significant Enlightenment figure and a father of [[Classical school (criminology)|classical criminal theory]] and [[penology]].<ref name="Hostettler-2011"/>

Italy had a renowned philosophical movement in the 1800s, with [[idealism]], [[sensism]], and [[empiricism]].<ref name="maritain.nd.edu"/> During the late 19th and 20th centuries, there were other movements that gained popularity, such as [[Ontologism]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scarangello|first=Anthony|year=1964|title=Major Catholic-Liberal Educational Philosophers of the Italian Risorgimento|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=4|issue=4|pages=232–250|doi=10.2307/367499|jstor=367499|s2cid=147563567}}</ref> [[Anarchism in Italy|anarchism]], communism, socialism, futurism, fascism, and Christian democracy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pernicone|first=Nunzio|title=Italian Anarchism 1864–1892 |publisher=AK Press|year=2009|pages=111–113}}</ref> [[Antonio Gramsci]] remains a relevant philosopher within communist theory, credited with creating the theory of [[cultural hegemony]]. Italian philosophers were influential in development of the non-Marxist [[liberal socialism]] philosophy. In the 1960s, left-wing activists adopted the [[anti-authoritarian]] pro-working class theories that became known as [[autonomism]] and [[workerism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Balestrini|first1=Nanni|title=L'orda d'oro 1968–1977. La grande ondata rivoluzionaria e creativa, politica ed esistenziale |last2=Moroni|first2=Primo|publisher=SugarCo|year=1997|isbn=8-8078-1462-5}}</ref>

[[Feminism in Italy|Italian feminists]] include [[Sibilla Aleramo]], [[Alaide Gualberta Beccari]], and [[Anna Maria Mozzoni]], and proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by Italian writers. Italian educator [[Maria Montessori]] created the [[Montessori education|philosophy of education that bears her name]].<ref name=Montessori/> [[Giuseppe Peano]] was a founder of analytic philosophy and the contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Analytic philosophers include [[Carlo Penco]], [[Gloria Origgi]], [[Pieranna Garavaso]], and [[Luciano Floridi]].<ref name=Garin/>

=== Theatre ===
{{Main|Theatre of Italy}}
[[File:Gemälde des Hieronymus Francken - Die Compagnia dei Comici Gelosi bei einer Aufführung in Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Commedia dell'arte]] troupe [[I Gelosi]] performing, by [[Hieronymus Francken I]], {{circa|1590}}]]

Italian theatre came about in the Middle Ages, with its antecedents dating back to ancient Greek colonies in southern Italy ([[Magna Graecia]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Storia del Teatro nelle città d'Italia|url=https://www.melogranoarte.it/storia-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia|access-date=27 July 2022|language=it}}</ref> as well as the theatre of the [[Italic peoples]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana|url=https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itinerari/itinerario/storiateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html|access-date=28 July 2022|language=it}}</ref> and the [[theatre of ancient Rome]]. There were two main lines along which theatre developed. The first, dramatization of Catholic liturgies, and the second, formed by pagan forms of spectacle, such as staging for city festivals, court preparations of jesters, and songs of the [[troubadour]]s.<ref>Of this second line, Dario Fo speaks of a true alternative culture to the official one: although widespread as an idea, some scholars such as {{Ill|Giovanni Antonucci|it}} do not agree in considering it as such. In this regard, see {{Cite book|last=Antonucci|first=Giovanni|title=Storia del teatro italiano|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=1995|isbn=978-8-8798-3974-7|pages=10–14|language=it}}</ref> Renaissance theatre marked the beginning of modern theatre. Ancient theatrical texts were translated and staged at courts, and moved to public theatres. In the late 15th century, the cities of [[Ferrara]] and Rome were important for the rediscovery and renewal of theatre.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Antonucci|first=Giovanni|title=Storia del teatro italiano|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=1995|isbn=978-8-8798-3974-7|page=18|language=it}}</ref>

During the 16th into the 18th century, [[commedia dell'arte]] was a form of [[improvisational theatre]], and is still performed. Travelling troupes of players set up an outdoor stage and provided amusement in the form of [[juggling]], [[acrobatics]], and humorous plays. Plays did not originate from written drama, but scenarios called ''[[lazzi]]'', loose frameworks around which actors would improvise. The characters of the ''commedia'' usually represent fixed social types and stock characters, each of which has a distinct [[Costumes in commedia dell'arte|costume]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chaffee, Judith|title=The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte|last2=Crick, Olly|publisher=Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group|year=2015|isbn=978-0-4157-4506-2|location=London and New York|page=1}}</ref> The first recorded commedia dell'arte performances came from Rome as early as 1551.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Katritzky|first=M. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fV4gz5FmiAC&q=the+art+of+commedia|title=The Art of Commedia: A Study in the Commedia dell'arte 1560–1620 with Special Reference to the Visual Records |publisher=Editions Rodopi|year=2006|isbn=978-9-0420-1798-6|location=New York|page=82}}</ref> Female roles were played by women, documented as early as the 1560s, making them the first known professional actresses in Europe since antiquity. [[Lucrezia Di Siena]], named on a 1564 contract, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with [[Vincenza Armani]] and [[Barbara Flaminia]] as the first [[prima donna]]s.<ref>Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. Ordfront. {{ISBN|9-1732-4602-6}}.</ref>

Ballet originated in Italy during the Renaissance, as an outgrowth of court pageantry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ballet|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/balt/hd_balt.htm|website=metmuseum.org|date=October 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Andros on Ballet – Catherine Medici De|url=http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209205503/http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine|archive-date=9 February 2008|website=michaelminn.net}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Italy}}
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| footer = Instruments associated with [[classical music]], including the [[violin]] and [[piano]], were invented in Italy.<ref name="Erlich"/>
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From [[Italian folk music|folk]] to [[European classical music|classical]], music is an intrinsic part of Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy,<ref name="Erlich">{{Cite book|last=Erlich|first=Cyril|title=The Piano: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press, US; Revised edition|year=1990|isbn=978-0-1981-6171-4}}; {{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Edward Heron|title=Violin-making, as it was and is: Being a Historical, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Science and Art of Violin-making, for the Use of Violin Makers and Players, Amateur and Professional. Preceded by An Essay on the Violin and Its Position as a Musical Instrument|date=1914|publisher=E. Howe}} Accessed 5 September 2015.</ref> and many prevailing forms, such as the [[symphony]], concerto, and [[sonata]], trace their roots back to innovations in 16th- and 17th-century Italian music.

Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]], and [[Carlo Gesualdo|Gesualdo]]; the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] [[Domenico Scarlatti|Scarlatti]], and [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]]; the classical [[Niccolò Paganini|Paganini]], and [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]]; and the Romantic [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] and [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]. Classical music has a strong hold in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its opera houses, such as La Scala, and performers such as the pianist [[Maurizio Pollini]] and tenor [[Luciano Pavarotti]]. Italy is known as the birthplace of opera.<ref name="Kimbell, David R.B.-1994">{{Cite book|last=Kimbell, David R.B.|url={{Google books|C37Gq2GagZIC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Italian Opera|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-5214-6643-1|access-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> [[Italian opera]] is believed to have been founded in the 17th century.<ref name="Kimbell, David R.B.-1994"/>

Introduced in the early 1920s, [[jazz]] gained a strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite xenophobic policies of the fascists. Italy was represented in the [[progressive rock]] and pop movements of the 1970s, with bands such as [[Premiata Forneria Marconi|PFM]], [[Banco del Mutuo Soccorso]], [[Le Orme]], [[Goblin (band)|Goblin]], and [[Pooh (band)|Pooh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keller, Catalano and Colicci|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh03DwAAQBAJ&q=keller%20catalano%20and%20colicci&pg=PT1022|title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|date=25 September 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-3515-4426-9|pages=604–625}}</ref> The same period saw diversification in the [[cinema of Italy]], and [[Cinecittà]] films included complex scores by composers including [[Ennio Morricone]]. In the 1980s, the first star to emerge from [[Italian hip hop]] was singer [[Jovanotti]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sisario|first=Ben|date=3 October 2012|title=A Roman Rapper Comes to New York, Where He Can Get Real|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=24 February 2014|work=The New York Times}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Italian metal bands include [[Rhapsody of Fire]], [[Lacuna Coil]], [[Elvenking (band)|Elvenking]], [[Forgotten Tomb]], and [[Fleshgod Apocalypse]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sharpe-Young|first1= Garry|author-link1= MusicMight|title= A–Z of Power Metal|series= Rockdetector Series|year= 2003|publisher= Cherry Red Books|isbn= 978-1-901447-13-2}}</ref>

Italy contributed to the development of [[disco]] and [[electronic music]], with [[Italo disco]], known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and drum machines, one of the earliest electronic dance genres.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McDonnell|first=John|date=1 September 2008|title=Scene and heard: Italo-disco|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/sep/01/sceneandhearditalodisco|access-date=14 July 2012|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Producers such as [[Giorgio Moroder]], who won three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, were influential in the development of electronic dance music.<ref>"This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." {{Cite web|last=Evan Cater|title=Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r59464|pure_url=yes}}|access-date=21 December 2009|publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Italian pop is represented annually with the [[Sanremo Music Festival]], which served as inspiration for the [[Eurovision Song Contest]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yiorgos Kasapoglou|date=27 February 2007|title=Sanremo Music Festival kicks off tonight|url=http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7817|access-date=18 August 2011|publisher=esctoday.com}}</ref> [[Gigliola Cinquetti]], [[Toto Cutugno]], and [[Måneskin]] won Eurovision, in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1964|1964]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1990|1990]], and [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021|2021]] respectively. Singers such as [[Domenico Modugno]], [[Mina (Italian singer)|Mina]], [[Andrea Bocelli]], [[Raffaella Carrà]], [[Il Volo]], [[Al Bano]], [[Toto Cutugno]], [[Nek]], [[Umberto Tozzi]], [[Giorgia (singer)|Giorgia]], Grammy winner [[Laura Pausini]], [[Eros Ramazzotti]], [[Tiziano Ferro]], Måneskin, and others have received international acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Federica|last=Cirone|date=29 August 2023|title=Cantanti italiani, quali sono quelli che hanno avuto più successo all'estero|url=https://www.socialboost.it/cantanti-italiani-quali-sono-quelli-che-hanno-avuto-piu-successo-allestero/|access-date=5 June 2024|publisher=socialboost.it|language=it}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Italy}}
Italian cinema began just after the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] introduced motion picture exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L'œuvre cinématographique des frères Lumière – Pays: Italie|url=https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320195614/https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie|archive-date=20 March 2018|access-date=1 January 2022|language=fr}}; {{Cite web|title=Il Cinema Ritrovato – Italia 1896 – Grand Tour Italiano |url=https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321124127/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini|archive-date=21 March 2018|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> The first Italian director is [[Vittorio Calcina]], who filmed [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web|title=26 febbraio 1896 – Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière |url=https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/gianni-bisiach/AV-002-000398/26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> ''[[Cabiria]]'', from 1914, is the most famous Italian [[silent film]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Cinematografia|volume=III|page=226|year=1970|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Andrea Fioravanti|title=La "storia" senza storia. Racconti del passato tra letteratura, cinema e televisione|publisher=Morlacchi Editore|year=2006|isbn=978-8-8607-4066-3|page=121|language=it}}</ref> The oldest European [[avant-garde]] cinema movement, [[Italian Futurism (cinema)|Italian futurism]], took place in the late 1910s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2017|title=Il cinema delle avanguardie|url=https://www.brevestoriadelcinema.org/04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie|access-date=13 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
[[File:Federico Fellini NYWTS 2.jpg|thumb|[[Federico Fellini]], considered one of the most influential and widely revered filmmakers of the 20th century<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2022|title=Federico Fellini, i 10 migliori film per conoscere il grande regista|url=https://libreriamo.it/intrattenimento/federico-fellini-i-10-film-regista|access-date=10 September 2022|language=it}}</ref>]]

After decline in the 1920s, the industry was revitalised in the 1930s with the arrival of [[sound film|sound]]. A popular Italian genre, the ''[[Telefoni Bianchi]]'', consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.<ref>{{Citation |last=Katz |first=Ephraim |title=Italy |pages=682–685 |year=2001 |publisher=HarperResource |isbn=978-0-0607-4214-0 |encyclopedia=The Film Encyclopedia}}.</ref> ''[[Calligrafismo]]'' was a sharp contrast to the ''Telefoni Bianchi''-American style comedies and is rather artistic, highly formalistic, expressive in complexity, and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brunetta|first=Gian Piero|title=Storia del cinema mondiale|publisher=Einaudi|year=2002|isbn=978-8-8061-4528-6|volume=III|pages=357–359|language=it}}</ref> Cinema was used by Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà studio]], for the production of [[Propaganda in Fascist Italy|Fascist propaganda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cinema Under Mussolini|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731200507/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html|archive-date=31 July 2010|access-date=30 October 2010|publisher=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref>

After World War II, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline occurred in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STORIA 'POCONORMALE' DEL CINEMA: ITALIA ANNI '80, IL DECLINO|url=https://www.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2009/16629|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> [[List of Italian film directors|Italian film directors]] include [[Federico Fellini]], [[Sergio Leone]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Duccio Tessari]], [[Luchino Visconti]], [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], and [[Roberto Rossellini]], recognised among the greatest of all time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The Bicycle Thief / Bicycle Thieves (1949) |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990319/REVIEWS08/903190306/1023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227023704/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19990319%2FREVIEWS08%2F903190306%2F1023|archive-date=27 February 2009|access-date=8 September 2011|work=Chicago Sun-Times}}; {{Cite web|date=7 July 2002|title=The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time|url=http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211230213/http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358|archive-date=11 December 2015|access-date=21 February 2017|website=MovieMaker Magazine}}</ref> The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of [[Italian neorealism]], reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Italian Neorealism – Explore – The Criterion Collection|url=https://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918102158/http://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism|archive-date=18 September 2011|access-date=7 September 2011|publisher=Criterion.com}}</ref>

As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and the ''[[commedia all'italiana]]'' genre and other [[film genre]]s, such as [[sword-and-sandal]] and [[spaghetti Western]]s, were popular in the 1960s and 70s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western all'italiana|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/western-all-italiana_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> Actresses such as [[Sophia Loren]] achieved international stardom. Erotic Italian thrillers, or ''[[Giallo|gialli]]'', produced by directors such as [[Dario Argento]] in the 1970s, influenced horror.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarantino e i film italiani degli anni settanta|url=http://www.corriere.it/solferino/severgnini/09-10-30/09.spm|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> Recently, the Italian scene has received only occasional attention, with movies such as ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'', ''[[Cinema Paradiso]]'', and ''[[Il Postino: The Postman]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2013|title=Cannes 2013. La grande bellezza |url=https://stanzedicinema.com/2013/05/21/cannes-2013-la-grande-bellezza|access-date=1 January 2022|work=Stanze di Cinema|language=it}}</ref>

Cinecittà studio is the largest film and television production facility in Europe,<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2021|title=Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani|url=https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/cinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani|access-date=10 September 2022|language=it}}</ref> where many international box office hits were filmed. In the 1950s, the number of international productions made there led to Rome's being dubbed "[[Hollywood on the Tiber]]". More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an [[Academy Award]] nomination, with 47 wins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bondanella|first=Peter E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiTBFMc7tp4C|title=Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present|date=2001|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-1247-8|page=13}}</ref> Italy is the most awarded country at the Academy Awards for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], with 14 wins, 3 [[Academy Honorary Award|Special Awards]], and 31 [[List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|nominations]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2021|title=Oscar 2022: Paolo Sorrentino e gli altri candidati come miglior film internazionale |url=https://www.sorrisi.com/cinema/migliori-film/oscar-2022-paolo-sorrentino-e-gli-altri-candidati-come-miglior-film-internazionale|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Italian films have won 12 Palmes d'Or,<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2014|title=10 film italiani che hanno fatto la storia del Festival di Cannes|url=https://www.nanopress.it/articolo/10-film-italiani-che-hanno-fatto-la-storia-del-festival-di-cannes/67505|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> 11 [[Golden Lion]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2018|title=I film italiani vincitori del Leone d'Oro al Festival di Venezia|url=https://www.supereva.it/i-film-italiani-vincitori-del-leone-doro-al-festival-di-venezia-51756|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> and 7 [[Golden Bear]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film italiani vincitori Orso d'Oro di Berlino|url=https://popcorntv.it/guide/film-italiani-vincitori-orso-doro-di-berlino/32626|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Italy}}
[[File:Italy national football team Euro 2012 final.jpg|thumb|[[Italy national football team|The ''Azzurri'']] in 2012. [[Football in Italy|Football]] is the most popular sport in Italy.]]

The most popular sport is [[Football in Italy|football]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Bill|date=10 March 2014|title=Italian football counts cost of stagnation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26351331|access-date=12 June 2015|publisher=BBC News}}; {{Cite book|last1=Hamil|first1=Sean|title=Managing football: an international perspective|last2=Chadwick|first2=Simon|publisher=Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2010|isbn=978-1-8561-7544-9|edition=1st ed., dodr.|location=Amsterdam|page=285}}</ref> Italy's [[Italy national football team|team]] is one of the most successful, with four [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] victories ([[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]], [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]], [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], and [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]]) and two [[UEFA Euro]] victories ([[UEFA Euro 1968|1968]] and [[UEFA Euro 2020|2020]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous FIFA World Cups|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125063612/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/index.html|archive-date=25 January 2011|access-date=8 January 2011|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Italian clubs have won 48 major European trophies, making Italy the second most successful country in Europe, after Spain. Italy's top league is [[Serie A]] and is followed by millions of fans around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le squadre più tifate al mondo: classifica e numero di fan|url=https://www.sisal.it/scommesse-matchpoint/blog/fuori-campo/squadre-piu-tifate-al-mondo-classifica|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref>

Other popular team sports include basketball, volleyball, and rugby.<ref name="sportface">{{Cite web|date=15 March 2021|title=Sport più seguiti: la (forse) sorprendente classifica mondiale|url=https://www.sportface.it/altro/sport-piu-seguiti-la-forse-sorprendente-classifica-mondiale/1318754|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> Italy's male and female national volleyball teams are often featured among the world's best. The [[Italy men's national volleyball team|men's team]] won three consecutive [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship|World Championships]] (in 1990, 1994, and 1998). [[Italy men's national basketball team|Italy men's basketball team]]'s best results were gold at [[EuroBasket 1983]] and [[EuroBasket 1999|1999]], and silver at the [[Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Olympics]]. [[Lega Basket Serie A]] is one of the most competitive in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 2019|title=Basket Eurolega, l'albo d'oro delle squadre più forti e titolate d'Europa|url=https://williamhillnews.it/basket/basket-eurolega|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> The [[Italy national rugby union team]] competes in the [[Six Nations Championship]], and at the [[Rugby World Cup]].

Among individual sports, bicycle racing is popular;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Foot|first=John|title=Pedalare! Pedalare!: a history of Italian cycling|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4088-2219-7|location=London|page=312}}</ref> Italians have won the [[UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race|UCI World Championships]] [[UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race#Medalists by nation|more than any other country]], except [[Belgium]]. The [[Giro d'Italia]] is a cycling race held every May and one of the three [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tours]]. Alpine skiing is a widespread sport, and the country is a popular skiing destination.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hall|first=James|date=23 November 2012|title=Italy is best value skiing country, report finds|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/9697128/Italy-is-best-value-skiing-country-report-finds.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003012827/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/9697128/Italy-is-best-value-skiing-country-report-finds.html|archive-date=3 October 2013|access-date=29 August 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> Italian skiers achieve good results in [[Winter Olympic Games]] and the [[FIS Alpine Ski World Cup|Alpine Ski World Cup]]. Tennis has a significant following: it is the fourth most practised sport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Il tennis è il quarto sport in Italia per numero di praticanti|url=http://www.federtennis.it/DettaglioNews.asp?IDNews=55672|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927033216/http://www.federtennis.it/DettaglioNews.asp?IDNews=55672|archive-date=27 September 2013|access-date=29 August 2013|publisher=Federazione Italiana Tennis}}</ref> The [[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome Masters]], founded in 1930, is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Internazionali d'Italia di Tennis – Roma 2021 |url=https://www.faretennis.com/tornei/internazionali-italia-tennis|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> Italian players won the [[Davis Cup]] in 1976, 2023, and 2024 and the [[Fed Cup]] in 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2024.
[[File:Michael Schumacher 2006 USA 2.jpg|thumb|A [[Ferrari 248 F1]] by [[Scuderia Ferrari]], the oldest surviving team in [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] racing,<ref name="targaflorio"/> having competed since 1948, and statistically the [[List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)|most successful Formula One team in history]]]]

Motorsports are popular.<ref name="sportface"/> Italy has won, by far, the most MotoGP World Championships. Italian [[Scuderia Ferrari]] is the oldest surviving team in [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] racing,<ref name="targaflorio">{{Cite web|title=Enzo Ferrari|url=https://www.targaflorio.info/enzoferrari.htm|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> competing since 1948, and the most successful Formula One team with 232 wins. The [[Italian Grand Prix]] of [[Formula One]] has been held since 1921<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 September 2020|title=GP d'Italia: albo d'oro|url=https://www.motori.it/curiosita/1757728/gp-ditalia-albo-doro.html|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> always at [[Monza Circuit|Autodromo Nazionale Monza]] (except [[1980 Italian Grand Prix|1980]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2021|title=GP Italia: a Monza tra storia e passione|url=https://www.f1world.it/amarcord/gp-ditalia-a-monza-tra-storia-e-passione|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104135550/https://www.f1world.it/amarcord/gp-ditalia-a-monza-tra-storia-e-passione/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other successful Italian car manufacturers in motorsports are [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Lancia]], [[Maserati]], and [[Fiat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021|title=L'Italia che vince le corse|work=Mauto |url=https://www.museoauto.com/litalia-che-vince-le-corse-la-ferrari-500-f2-del-1952|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref>

Italy has been successful in the Olympics, taking part from the [[1896 Summer Olympics|first Olympiad]] and in 47 Games out of 48 (not [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Elio Trifari|title=Che sorpresa: Italia presente a tutti i Giochi|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2008/novembre/28/Che_sorpresa_Italia_presente_tutti_ga_10_081128051.shtml|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> [[Italy at the Olympics|Italians]] have won 618 medals at the [[Summer Olympic Games]], and 141 at the Winter Olympics, with 259 golds, the sixth most successful for total medals. The country hosted Winter Olympics in [[1956 Winter Olympics|1956]] and [[2006 Winter Olympics|2006]], and will host another in [[2026 Winter Olympics|2026]]; and a Summer games in [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]].

=== Fashion and design ===
{{Main|Italian fashion|Italian design}}
[[File:Prada milano.JPG|thumb|[[Prada]] shop at [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Milan]]

Italian fashion has a long tradition. ''Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings'' (2013), by [[Global Language Monitor]], ranked Rome sixth and Milan twelfth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New York Takes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris|url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/sorry-kate-new-york-edges-paris-and-london-in-top-global-fashion-capital-10th-annual-survey|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011026/http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/sorry-kate-new-york-edges-paris-and-london-in-top-global-fashion-capital-10th-annual-survey|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=25 February 2014|publisher=Languagemonitor.com}}</ref> Major Italian fashion labels—such as [[Gucci]], [[Armani]], [[Prada]], [[Versace]], [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]]—are among the finest fashion houses in the world. Jewellers such as [[Bulgari]], [[Damiani]], and [[Buccellati]] were founded in Italy. The fashion magazine ''[[Vogue Italia]]'' is one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Press|first=Debbie|url={{Google books|pkeaOOxb_isC|page=PA16|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Your Modeling Career: You Don't Have to Be a Superstar to Succeed|publisher=Allworth Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1-58115-045-2}}; {{Cite web|last=Cardini|first=Tiziana|date=28 October 2020|title=Get to Know the Young Winners of the 2020 International Talent Support Awards |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/internationa-talent-support-award-2020-winners|website=Vogue}}</ref>

Italy is prominent in the field of design, notably interior, architectural, industrial, and urban designs.<ref>Miller (2005) p. 486</ref><ref>Insight Guides (2004) p. 220</ref> Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural and industrial design. The city of Milan hosts [[Fiera Milano]], Europe's largest design fair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Design City Milan|url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206052654/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html|archive-date=6 December 2010|access-date=3 January 2010|publisher=Wiley}}</ref> Milan hosts major design- and architecture-related events and venues, such as the ''Fuori Salone'' and the [[Milan Furniture Fair]], and has been home to the designers [[Bruno Munari]], [[Lucio Fontana]], [[Enrico Castellani]], and [[Piero Manzoni]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frieze Magazine – Archive – Milan and Turin|url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110123141/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin|archive-date=10 January 2010|access-date=3 January 2010|website=Frieze}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Italian cuisine|Italian meal structure|List of Italian foods and drinks}}
[[File:Salumi e vino lucchese.JPG|thumb|[[Italian wine]] and ''[[salumi]]'']]

[[Italian cuisine]] is heavily influenced by [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]], [[Ancient Greek cuisine|ancient Greek]], [[Ancient Roman cuisine|ancient Roman]], [[Byzantine cuisine|Byzantine]], [[Arab cuisine|Arabic]], and [[Jewish cuisine|Jewish]] cuisines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-05|title=The History of Italian Cuisine: A Cultural Journey – Italian Cuisine|url=https://italian-cuisine.org/the-history-of-italian-cuisine-a-cultural-journey|access-date=2024-02-25|website=italian-cuisine.org}}; {{Cite web|title=Italian Cooking: History of Food and Cooking in Rome and Lazio Region, Papal Influence, Jewish Influence, The Essence of Roman Italian Cooking|url=http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/ITALIAN_COOKING/rome_Lazio/Rome_LAZIO.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410100532/http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/ITALIAN_COOKING/rome_Lazio/Rome_LAZIO.html|archive-date=10 April 2010|access-date=24 April 2010|publisher=Inmamaskitchen.com}}</ref> Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the [[New World]], with items such as potatoes, tomatoes, and maize becoming main ingredients from the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Making of Italian Food...From the Beginning|url=http://www.epicurean.com/articles/making-of-italian-food.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327080045/http://www.epicurean.com/articles/making-of-italian-food.html|archive-date=27 March 2010|access-date=24 April 2010|publisher=Epicurean.com}}; Del Conte, 11–21.</ref> The [[Mediterranean diet]] forms the basis of Italian cuisine, which is rich in [[pasta]], fish, fruits, and vegetables and characterised by its simplicity and variety, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients.<ref>The Silver Spoon {{ISBN|8-8721-2223-6}}, 1997 ed.</ref> Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Italian cuisine – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine|access-date=24 April 2010|date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716014306/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine|archive-date=16 July 2010|author=Related Articles|url-status=live}}; {{Cite web|title=Italian Food – Italy's Regional Dishes & Cuisine|url=http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102020059/http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm|archive-date=2 January 2011|access-date=24 April 2010|publisher=Indigoguide.com}}; {{Cite web|title=Regional Italian Cuisine|url=http://www.rusticocooking.com/regions.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410072851/http://www.rusticocooking.com/regions.htm|archive-date=10 April 2010|access-date=24 April 2010|publisher=Rusticocooking.com}}</ref> abundance of difference in taste, and as one of the most popular in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2013|title=Which country has the best food?|url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/worlds-best-food-cultures-453528|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629071154/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/worlds-best-food-cultures-453528|archive-date=29 June 2013|access-date=14 October 2013|publisher=CNN}}</ref> wielding strong influence abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Freeman|first=Nancy|date=2 March 2007|title=American Food, Cuisine|url=http://www.sallybernstein.com/food/cuisines/us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418064119/http://sallybernstein.com/food/cuisines/us|archive-date=18 April 2010|access-date=24 April 2010|publisher=Sallybernstein.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Most Americans Have Dined Out in the Past Month and, Among Type of Cuisine, American Food is Tops Followed by Italian|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/HarrisPoll18-DiningOut_4-3-13.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520205539/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/HarrisPoll18-DiningOut_4-3-13.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2013|access-date=31 August 2013|publisher=[[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris interactive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kazmin|first=Amy|date=26 March 2013|title=A taste for Italian in New Delhi|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7ab87234-9214-11e2-851f-00144feabdc0.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7ab87234-9214-11e2-851f-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=10 December 2022|access-date=31 August 2013|work=[[Financial Times]]|location=London}}</ref>

Italian cuisine relies heavily on traditional products; the country has a large number of traditional specialties protected under [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|EU law]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keane|first=John|title=Italy leads the way with protected products under EU schemes|url=http://www.bordbia.ie/industryservices/information/alerts/Pages/ItalyleadsthewaywithprotectedproductsunderEUschemes.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329075250/http://www.bordbia.ie/industryservices/information/alerts/Pages/ItalyleadsthewaywithprotectedproductsunderEUschemes.aspx|archive-date=29 March 2014|access-date=5 September 2013|publisher=[[Bord Bia]]}}</ref> Italy is home to 395 [[Michelin star]]-rated restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.michelin.com/en/publications/products-and-services/michelin-guide-2024-italy-two-new-3-michelin-stars-restaurants|title=Michelin Guide 2024 - Italy - Two new 3 Michelin stars restaurants|access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> [[List of Italian cheeses|Cheese]], [[Salumi|cold cuts]], and [[Italian wine|wine]] are central to Italian cuisine, with regional declinations and [[protected designation of origin]] or [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected geographical indication (PGI)|protected geographical indication]] labels, along with [[pizza]] and coffee forming part of gastronomic culture.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marshall|first=Lee|date=30 September 2009|title=Italian coffee culture: a guide|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/6246202/Italian-coffee-culture-a-guide.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010212148/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/6246202/Italian-coffee-culture-a-guide.html|archive-date=10 October 2013|access-date=5 September 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours, such as citrus fruits, pistachio, and almonds, with sweet cheeses such as [[mascarpone]] and [[ricotta]] or exotic tastes such as cocoa, vanilla, and cinnamon. [[Gelato]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jewkes|first=Stephen|date=13 October 2012|title=World's first museum about gelato culture opens in Italy|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/life/travel/world-s-first-museum-about-gelato-culture-opens-in-italy-1.15866|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062518/http://www.timescolonist.com/life/travel/world-s-first-museum-about-gelato-culture-opens-in-italy-1.15866|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=5 September 2013|work=[[Times Colonist]]}}</ref> [[tiramisu]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|date=23 August 2013|title=Tiramisu claimed by Treviso|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829091009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html|archive-date=29 August 2013|access-date=5 September 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> and [[cassata]] are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts.

The [[Italian meal structure]] is typical of the Mediterranean region and differs from North, Central, and East European meal structures, although it still often consists of breakfast (''[[Italian meal structure#Breakfast (colazione)|colazione]]''), lunch (''[[Italian meal structure#Lunch (pranzo)|pranzo]]''), and dinner (''[[Italian meal structure#Supper (cena)|cena]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangiare all'italiana|url=https://www.studiare-in-italia.it/php5/study-italy.php?idorizz=5&idvert=62|access-date=12 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> However, much less emphasis is placed on breakfast, which is often skipped or involves lighter portions than are seen in non-Mediterranean Western countries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2016|title=Colazioni da incubo in giro per il mondo|url=https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/news/in-primo-piano/colazioni-strane-nel-mondo|access-date=12 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> Late-morning and mid-afternoon snacks, called ''[[Italian meal structure#Mid-afternoon snack (merenda)|merenda]]'' ({{Plural form}}: ''merende''), are often included.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Merenda, una abitudine tutta italiana: cinque ricette salutari per tutta la famiglia|url=https://www.corriere.it/cook/news/cards/merenda-abitudine-tutta-italiana-cinque-ricette-salutari-tutta-famiglia/merenda-come-deve-essere_principale.shtml|access-date=12 November 2021|language=it}}</ref>

=== Public holidays, festivals and folklore ===
{{Main|Public holidays in Italy|Traditions of Italy|Folklore of Italy}}
[[File:Frecce Tricolori 2022.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Frecce Tricolori]]'', with the smoke trail representing the [[national colours of Italy]], above the [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument]] in Rome during the celebrations of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'']]

Public holidays include religious, national, and regional observances. Italy's National Day, the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' ('Republic Day'),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le feste mobili. Feste religiose e feste civili in Italia|url=http://calendario.eugeniosongia.com/feste.htm|access-date=29 December 2022|language=it}}</ref> is celebrated on 2 June, with the main celebration taking place in Rome, and commemorates the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946.<ref name="Italian Embassy in London">{{Cite web|title=Festività nazionali in Italia|url=http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624220055/http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm|archive-date=24 June 2012|access-date=15 April 2012|publisher=Italian Embassy in London|language=it}}</ref> The ceremony includes deposition of a wreath as a tribute to the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|Italian Unknown Soldier]] and a military parade along [[Via dei Fori Imperiali]] in Rome.

[[Saint Lucy's Day#Italy|Saint Lucy's Day]], on 13 December, is popular among children in some Italian regions, where she plays a role similar to Santa Claus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Lucy – Sicily's Most Famous Woman – Best of Sicily Magazine|url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art333.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021932/http://bestofsicily.com/mag/art333.htm|archive-date=15 October 2012|website=bestofsicily.com}}</ref> The [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] is associated with the [[Italian folklore|folklore]] figure of [[Befana]], a broomstick-riding old woman who, on the night of 5 January, brings good children gifts, and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Christian|url={{Google books|IKqOUfqt4cIC|page=PA144|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Traditional Festivals|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-5760-7089-5|page=144|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> The [[Assumption of Mary]] coincides with ''[[Ferragosto]]'' on 15 August, the summer vacation period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jonathan Boardman|url={{Google books|VHAUAQAAIAAJ|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Rome: A Cultural and Literary Companion|publisher=Signal Books|year=2000|isbn=978-1-902669-15-1|location=University of California|page=219|format=Google Books}}</ref> The Italian national [[Patronal festival|patronal day]], on 4 October, celebrates [[Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine|Saints Francis and Catherine]]. Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the festival of the local patron saint.<ref name="Italian Embassy in London"/> [[Natale di Roma]] ({{literally|Birthday of Rome}}) is an annual festival held in [[Rome]] on 21 April to celebrate the legendary [[Founding of Rome|founding of the city]].<ref name="Plutarch12">[[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives]] - Life of Romulus'', [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html#12 12.2] (from [[LacusCurtius]])</ref> According to [[legend]], [[Romulus]] is said to have founded the city of Rome on 21 April 753 BC. It was celebrated for the first time in 47 AD.<ref name="penelope">{{Cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Censorinus/text*.html#17.11|title=LacusCurtius • Censorinus — De Die Natali|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Festivals and festivities include the [[Palio di Siena]] horse race, [[Holy Week#Italy|Holy Week]] rites, [[Saracen Joust]] of Arezzo, and the ''[[calcio storico fiorentino]]''. In 2013, [[UNESCO]] included among the [[intangible cultural heritage]] Italian festivals and ''[[Paso (float)|pasos]]'', such as the [[Varia di Palmi]], the [[Macchina di Santa Rosa]] in [[Viterbo]], and ''faradda di li candareri'' in [[Sassari]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00721|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122708/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN|archive-date=13 December 2014|access-date=29 November 2014|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Other festivals include [[Carnival in Italy|carnivals]] in [[Carnival of Venice|Venice]], [[Carnival of Viareggio|Viareggio]], [[Carnival of Ivrea|Ivrea]], [[Carnival of Foiano della Chiana|Foiano della Chiana]], and [[Carnival of Satriano di Lucania|Satriano di Lucania]]. The [[Venice Film Festival]], awarding the [[Golden Lion]] and held since 1932, is the oldest in the world and one of the "Big Three" European film festivals, alongside [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] and [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Ariston|date=24 July 2014|title=Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218220740/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770|archive-date=18 February 2016|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}; {{Cite magazine|title=Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival|url=https://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920162423/http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival|archive-date=20 September 2014|magazine=Time}}</ref>