Editing Islamic philosophy (section)

===Experimental medicine===
[[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) is considered the father of modern [[medicine]],<ref>Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (980–1037)", ''Becka J.'' '''119''' (1), pp. 17–23.</ref> for his introduction of [[experimental medicine]] and [[clinical trial]]s,<ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' '''4''' (2).</ref> the experimental use and [[Drug test|testing of drugs]], and a precise guide for practical experimentation in the process of discovering and proving the effectiveness of medical [[Chemical substance|substances]],<ref>Toby E. Huff (2003), ''The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West'', p. 218. [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-52994-8}}.</ref> in his medical encyclopedia, ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' (11th century), which was the first book dealing with experimental medicine. It laid out the following rules and principles for testing the effectiveness of new [[drug]]s or [[medication]]s, which still form the basis of modern clinical trials:<ref name=Tschanz/>

#"The drug must be free from any extraneous accidental quality."
#"It must be used on a simple, not a composite, disease."
#"The drug must be tested with two contrary types of diseases, because sometimes a drug cures one disease by Its essential qualities and another by its accidental ones."
#"The quality of the drug must correspond to the strength of the disease. For example, there are some drugs whose heat is less than the coldness of certain diseases, so that they would have no effect on them."
#"The time of action must be observed, so that essence and accident are not confused."
#"The effect of the drug must be seen to occur constantly or in many cases, for if this did not happen, it was an accidental effect."
#"The experimentation must be done with the human body, for testing a drug on a lion or a horse might not prove anything about its effect on man."