Editing International Phonetic Alphabet (section)

=== Associated symbols ===
There are various punctuation-like conventions for linguistic transcription that are commonly used together with IPA. Some of the more common are:

;{{angbr|*}}
:(a) A [[Comparative linguistics|reconstructed form]].
:(b) An [[Grammaticality|ungrammatical form]] (including an unphonemic form).

;{{angbr|**}}
:(a) A reconstructed form, deeper (more ancient) than a single {{angbr|*}}, used when reconstructing even further back from already-starred forms.
:(b) An ungrammatical form. A less common convention than {{angbr|*}} (b), this is sometimes used when reconstructed and ungrammatical forms occur in the same text.<ref>e.g. {{Cite book |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh537 |title=Morphologies of Asia and Africa |date=2007-07-21 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-1-57506-566-3 |editor-last=Kaye |editor-first=Alan S. |doi=10.5325/j.ctv1bxh537 |jstor=10.5325/j.ctv1bxh537 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612201201/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh537 |url-status=live}}</ref>

;{{angbr|×}}, {{angbr|✗}}: An ungrammatical form. A less common convention than {{angbr|*}} (b), this is sometimes used when reconstructed and ungrammatical forms occur in the same text.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Lyle |title=Historical linguistics: an introduction |date=2013 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-262-51849-9 |pages=xix |edition=3.}}</ref>

;{{angbr|?}}: A doubtfully grammatical form.

;{{angbr|%}}: A generalized form, such as a typical shape of a [[wanderwort]] that has not actually been reconstructed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haynie |first1=Hannah |last2=Bowern |first2=Claire |last3=Epps |first3=Patience |last4=Hill |first4=Jane |last5=McConvell |first5=Patrick |date=2014 |title=Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215039014000022 |journal=Ampersand |language=en |volume=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1016/j.amper.2014.10.001 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331110717/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215039014000022 |url-status=live |hdl=1885/64247 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

;{{angbr|#}}: A word boundary – e.g. {{angbr|#V}} for a word-initial vowel.

;{{angbr|$}}: A [[phonological word]] boundary; e.g. {{angbr|H$}} for a high tone that occurs in such a position.

;{{angbr|+}}: A [[morpheme]] boundary; e.g. {{IPA|⫽ˈnɛl+t⫽}} for English ''knelt''.

;{{angbr|_}}: The location of a segment – e.g. {{angbr|V_V}} for an intervocalic position, or {{angbr|_#}} for word-final position.

;{{angbr|~}}: Alternation or contrast – e.g. {{IPA|[f] ~ [v]}} or {{IPA|[f ~ v]}} for variation between {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}, noting that a {{IPA|/uː/ ~ /ʊ/}} contrast is maintained or lost,<!--April McMahon (2000) ''Lexical Phonology and the History of English'', p.149.--> or indicating the change of a root in e.g. {{IPA|⫽ˈniːl ~ ˈnɛl+t⫽}} for English ''kneel'' ~ ''knelt''.

;{{angbr IPA|∅}}: A null segment or morpheme. This may indicate the absence of an affix, e.g. {{angbr IPA|kæt-∅}} for where an affix might appear but does not (''cat'' instead of ''cats''), or a deleted segment that leaves a feature behind, such as {{angbr IPA|∅ʷ}} for an theoretical labialized segment that is only realized as labialization on adjacent segments.<ref name=Wolff>H. Ekkehard Wolff (2023: xxiv) ''Lexical Reconstruction in Central Chadic: A Comparative Study of Vowels, Consonants and Prosodies.'' Cambridge University Press.</ref>