Editing Intelligence quotient (section)

===Sex===
{{Main|Sex differences in intelligence}}

With the advent of the concept of ''g'' or [[general intelligence]], many researchers have found that there are no significant sex differences in average IQ,<ref name="Hunt 389"/><ref name="Plotnik2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jLTCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT324|title=Introduction to Psychology |vauthors=Plotnik R, Kouyoumdjian H|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1133939535|pages=282–283}}</ref><ref name="Hunt 378-379">{{harvnb|Hunt|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DwO4TtKAiCoC&pg=PA378 378–379]}}</ref> though ability in particular types of intelligence does vary.<ref name="Mackintosh2"/><ref name="Hunt 378-379"/> Thus, while some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others show greater intelligence in females.<ref name="Mackintosh2"/><ref name="Hunt 378-379"/> In particular, studies have shown female subjects performing better on tasks related to [[Linguistic intelligence|verbal ability]],<ref name="Hunt 389"/> and males performing better on tasks related to rotation of objects in space, often categorized as [[spatial ability]].<ref name="Terry2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s5WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA356|title=Learning and Memory: Basic Principles, Processes, and Procedures, Fourth Edition|vauthors=Terry WS|publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2015|isbn=978-1317350873 |page=356}}</ref> These differences remain, as {{harvp|Hunt|2011}} observes, "even though men and women are essentially equal in general intelligence".

Some research indicates that male advantages on some [[cognitive test]]s are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors.<ref name="Mackintosh2"/><ref name="Plotnik2"/> Other research has concluded that there is slightly [[Variability hypothesis|larger variability]] in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, which results in slightly more males than females in the [[Intellectual giftedness|top]] and [[Intellectual disability|bottom]] of the IQ distribution.<ref name="Chrisler JC">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtq0M1f_aIMC&pg=PA302 |title=Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology: Volume 1: Gender Research in General and Experimental Psychology |vauthors=Chrisler JC, McCreary DR |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1441914651|page=302}}</ref>

The existence of differences between male and female performance on math-related tests is contested,<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|last1=Hyde|first1=J. S.|last2=Linn|first2=M. C.|date=27 October 2006 |title=DIVERSITY: Enhanced: Gender Similarities in Mathematics and Science|journal=Science|volume=314 |issue=5799 |pages=599–600|doi=10.1126/science.1132154|pmid=17068246|s2cid=34045261}}</ref> and a meta-analysis focusing on average gender differences in math performance found nearly identical performance for boys and girls.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hyde|first1=Janet S.|last2=Fennema|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Lamon|first3=Susan J.|date=1990|title=Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis.|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=107|issue=2|pages=139–155|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.139|pmid=2138794}}</ref> Currently, most IQ tests, including popular batteries such as the WAIS and the WISC-R, are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males.{{sfn|Neisser et al.|1995}}<ref name="apa">{{cite journal |last1=Nisbett |first1=Richard E. |last2=Aronson |first2=Joshua |last3=Blair |first3=Clancy |last4=Dickens |first4=William |last5=Flynn |first5=James |last6=Halpern |first6=Diane F. |last7=Turkheimer |first7=Eric |title=Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments. |journal=American Psychologist |date=2012 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=130–159 |doi=10.1037/a0026699 |pmid=22233090 |s2cid=7001642}}</ref>{{sfn|Jensen|1998|p=531}}