Editing Hygiene (section)

=== Soap and soap makers ===
{{Main|Soap#History}}
[[File:Marseiller Seife.jpg|thumb|[[Marseille soap]] in blocks of {{cvt|600|g}}]]
Hard toilet [[soap]] with a pleasant smell was invented in the [[Middle East]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] when soap-making became an established industry. Recipes for soap-making are described by [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]] ({{circa|865–925}}), who also gave a recipe for producing [[glycerine]] from [[olive oil]]. In the Middle East, soap was produced from the interaction of fatty oils and [[fat]]s with [[alkali]]. In [[Syria]], soap was produced using olive oil together with alkali and [[Lime (material)|lime]]. Soap was exported from Syria to other parts of the [[Muslim world]] and to Europe.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Ahmad Y.|editor-last=al-Hassan|editor-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan|year=2001|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC&pg=PA73 73]–74|title=Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences|series=The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture|volume=4|publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Two key Islamic innovations in [[soapmaking]] was the invention of [[bar soap]], described by al-Razi, and the addition of [[scent]]s using [[perfume]] technology perfected in the Islamic world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kalın|first1=İbrahim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-981257-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}}</ref>

By the 15th century, the manufacture of soap in Christendom had become virtually industrialized, with sources in [[Antwerp]], [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[Marseille]], [[Naples]], and [[Venice]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants|first=Raymond G. Jr. | last=Bistline | editor-last=Stache | editor-first=Helmut W.| title=Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry | series=Surfactant science series|volume=56|publisher=CRC Press | year=1996 | isbn=0-8247-9394-3|page=632}}</ref> In the 17th century the Spanish [[Catholicism|Catholic]] manufacturers purchased the [[monopoly]] on [[Castile soap]] from the cash-strapped [[Charles I of England|Carolinian]] government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gregg|first=Pauline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2v69fUCDxYC|title=King Charles I|publisher=Dent|year=1981|isbn=978-0-460-04437-0|location=London|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h2v69fUCDxYC&pg=PA218 218]|oclc=9944510|author-link=Pauline Gregg}}</ref> Industrially-manufactured bar soaps became available in the late 18th century, as advertising campaigns in Europe and America promoted popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health.<ref>{{cite book|last=McNeil|first=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxsOAAAAQAAJ|title=An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=978-0-415-01306-2|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uxsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA203 203]–205|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505145316/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA203|archive-date=2016-05-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

A major contribution of the [[Christian missionaries]] in [[Africa]],<ref>{{cite book |last= Newell|first= Stephanie|title=International Encyclopaedia of Tribal Religion: Christianity and tribal religions|year=2006|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1709-6|page=40}}</ref> [[China]],<ref>{{cite book |last= Grypma |first=Sonya|title=Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888–1947|year=2008|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|quote=the Gospel of Christ was central to the 'missionary' aspect of missionary nursing, the gospel of soap and water was central to 'nursing' aspect of their works.|isbn=978-0-7748-5821-2|page=27}}</ref> [[Guatemala]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Kedron|title=Securing the City: Neoliberalism, Space, and Insecurity in Postwar Guatemala|year=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|quote=Christian hygiene existed (and still exists) as one small but ever important part of this modernization project. Hygiene provides an incredibly mundane, deeply routinized, marker of Christian civility ...Identifying the rural poor as 'The Great Unwashed,' Haymaker published Christian pamphlets on health and hygiene,... of personal hygiene' (filled with soap, toothpaste, and floss), attempt to shape Christian Outreach and Ethnicity.|isbn= 978-0-8223-4958-7|pages=180–181}}</ref> [[India]],<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book |last= Bauman |first=Chad M.|title=Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868–1947|year=2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|quote=Along with the use of allopathic medicine, greater hygiene was one of the most frequently mobilized markers of the boundary between Christians and other communities of Chhattisgarh... The missionaries had made no secret of preaching 'soap; along with 'salvation'...|isbn=978-0-8028-6276-1|page=160}}
|2={{cite book |last=Baral|first= K. C.|title=Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India|year=2005|publisher=North Eastern Hill University Press|quote=where slavery was in vogue Christianity advocated its end and personal hygiene was encouraged|isbn=978-81-250-2812-3|page=151}}
}}</ref> [[Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first= J. Gelman|title=Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories|year=2011 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|quote=Cleanliness and Godliness: These examples indicate that real cleanliness was becoming the preserve of Europeans, and, it has to be added, of Christianity. Soap became an attribute of God — or rather the Protestant|isbn=978-90-04-25361-2|pages=22–23}}</ref> [[Korea]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Choi|first=Hyaeweol|title=Gender and Mission Encounters in Korea: New Women, Old Ways: Seoul-California Series in Korean Studies|volume=1|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|quote=In this way, Western forms of hygiene, health care and child rearing became an important part of creating the modern Christian in Korea.|isbn=978-0-520-09869-5|page=83}}</ref> and other places was better [[health care]] through hygiene and introducing and distributing soap,<ref>{{cite book |last= Channa|first=Subhadra|title=The Forger's Tale: The Search for Odeziaku|year=2009|publisher= Indiana University Press|quote=A major contribution of the Christian missionaries was better health care of the people through hygiene. Soap, tooth-powder and brushes came to be used increasingly in urban areas.|isbn=978-81-7755-050-4|page=284}}</ref> and "cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian".<ref>{{cite book |last= Thomas|first=John|title=Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|quote=cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian|isbn=978-1-317-41398-1|page=284}}</ref>