Editing History of physics (section)

===Particle physics and the Standard Model===
{{main|History of subatomic physics|Standard Model}}
[[File:Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.6|The [[Standard Model]]]]
[[File:Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) in 1958.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Chien-Shiung Wu]] worked on parity violation in 1956 and announced her results in January 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chien-Shiung Wu|date=25 May 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chien-Shiung-Wu}}</ref>]]
When [[parity (physics)|parity]] was broken in weak interactions by [[Chien-Shiung Wu]] in her [[Wu experiment|experiment]], a series of discoveries were created thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimatter|url=https://home.cern/science/physics/antimatter|date=2021-03-01}}</ref> The interaction of these particles by [[scattering]] and [[Particle decay|decay]] provided a key to new fundamental quantum theories. [[Murray Gell-Mann]] and [[Yuval Ne'eman]] brought some order to these new particles by classifying them according to certain qualities, beginning with what Gell-Mann referred to as the "[[Eightfold way (physics)|Eightfold Way]]". While its further development, the [[quark model]], at first seemed inadequate to describe [[Strong interaction|strong nuclear forces]], allowing the temporary rise of competing theories such as the [[S-Matrix]], the establishment of [[quantum chromodynamics]] in the 1970s finalized a set of fundamental and exchange particles, which allowed for the establishment of a "standard model" based on the mathematics of [[Gauge theory|gauge invariance]], which successfully described all forces except for gravitation, and which remains generally accepted within its domain of application.<ref name="Harvtxt|Kragh|1999"/>

The Standard Model, based on the [[Yang–Mills theory]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=theory of everything|url=https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/theory+of+everything}}</ref> groups the [[electroweak interaction]] theory and [[quantum chromodynamics]] into a structure denoted by the [[gauge group]] SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1). The formulation of the unification of the electromagnetic and [[weak interaction]]s in the standard model is due to [[Abdus Salam]], [[Steven Weinberg]] and, subsequently, [[Sheldon Glashow]]. Electroweak theory was later confirmed experimentally (by observation of [[Neutral current|neutral weak currents]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hasert|first1=F. J.|last2=Faissner|first2=H.|last3=Krenz|first3=W.|last4=Von Krogh|first4=J.|last5=Lanske|first5=D.|last6=Morfin|first6=J.|last7=Schultze|first7=K.|last8=Weerts|first8=H.|last9=Bertrand-Coremans|first9=G. H.|last10=Lemonne|first10=J.|last11=Sacton|first11=J.|date=1973-09-03|title=Search for elastic muon-neutrino electron scattering|journal=Physics Letters B|language=en|volume=46|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90494-2|bibcode=1973PhLB...46..121H|issn=0370-2693}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hasert|first1=F. J.|last2=Kabe|first2=S.|last3=Krenz|first3=W.|last4=Von Krogh|first4=J.|last5=Lanske|first5=D.|last6=Morfin|first6=J.|last7=Schultze|first7=K.|last8=Weerts|first8=H.|last9=Bertrand-Coremans|first9=G. H.|last10=Sacton|first10=J.|last11=Van Doninck|first11=W.|date=1973-09-03|title=Observation of neutrino-like interactions without muon or electron in the gargamelle neutrino experiment|journal=Physics Letters B|language=en|volume=46|issue=1|pages=138–140|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(73)90499-1|bibcode=1973PhLB...46..138H|issn=0370-2693}}</ref><ref>F. J. Hasert ''et al.'' ''Nuclear Physics'' B73, 1(1974); Paper presented at the London Conference 1974, no. 1013.</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29168 |title=The discovery of the weak neutral currents |date=2004-10-04 |publisher=CERN courier |access-date=2008-05-08}}</ref> and distinguished by the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>{{citation |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 |url=http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1979 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |access-date=2008-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803075503/http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1979/ |archive-date=2004-08-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the 1970s, fundamental particle physics has provided insights into early universe [[cosmology]], particularly the [[Big Bang]] theory proposed as a consequence of Einstein's [[general relativity|general theory of relativity]]. However, starting in the 1990s, astronomical observations have also provided new challenges, such as the need for new explanations of galactic stability ("[[dark matter]]") and the [[Accelerating universe|apparent acceleration in the expansion of the universe]] ("[[dark energy]]").

While accelerators have confirmed most aspects of the Standard Model by detecting expected particle interactions at various collision energies, no theory reconciling general relativity with the Standard Model has yet been found, although [[supersymmetry]] and [[string theory]] were believed by many theorists to be a promising avenue forward. The [[Large Hadron Collider]], however, which began operating in 2008, has failed to find any evidence that is supportive of supersymmetry and string theory.<ref>{{cite web |last=Woit |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Woit |date=20 October 2013 |title=Last Links For a While |url=http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=6362 |access-date=2 November 2013 |work=Not Even Wrong}}</ref>