Editing History of Peru (section)

===Democratic Spring (1939–1948)===
With Prado as president, the '''Democratic Spring''' ({{langx|es|Primavera Democrática}}) began. Despite the new civilian government, this era would be characterized by two major military conflicts: the [[Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]] and [[World War II]].

Manuel Prado assumed the presidency on December 8, 1939, beginning what would be his first government. A previously largely unknown politician, he was predicted to not last long in office, but he displayed a strategic flexibility that eventually earned him support. His government largely continued the work started by General Benavides, maintaining strong links with the oligarchy. It was a relative democracy. He kept the Aprista Party outlawed and received the support of the [[Peruvian Communist Party|Communist Party]].

During his tenure as president, skirmishes took place with Ecuador starting on July 5, 1941, beginning the [[Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]]. With the events escalating to a point where the [[Peruvian Air Force|Peruvian Air Corps]] was bombarding Ecuadorian outposts along the [[Ecuador–Peru border|border]], an [[Battle of Zarumilla|offensive]] by Peru began on July 23, with Peruvian troops marching into the Ecuadorian provinces of [[El Oro Province|El Oro]], as well as [[Loja Province|Loja]], {{ill|Santiago Zamora Province|es|Provincia de Santiago Zamora|lt=Santiago Zamora}} and {{ill|Napo Pastaza Province|es|Provincia de Napo Pastaza|lt=Napo Pastaza}}. A ceasefire was declared effective on the afternoon of July 31, which was preceded by an [[Occupation of Puerto Bolívar|aerial assault]] carried out by [[Paratrooper Company|Peruvian paratroopers]] on the port of [[Puerto Bolívar]], near [[Machala]], which was also occupied.

An agreement known as the ''Talara Accord'' ({{langx|es|Acuerdo de Talara}}) was signed on October 2, under which a demilitarized zone was established in Ecuador under Ecuadorian administration, and the province of El Oro was [[Peruvian occupation of Ecuador|occupied by Peru]] until the signing of the [[Rio Protocol]] in January 1942, with Peruvian troops withdrawing the following month. The treaty signed in Rio established a border commission in charge of delimiting the border between Ecuador and Peru, which was accomplished with the exception of a small part of the border that eventually continued the dispute. As a result of the delimitation of the border in the coast, integration between both countries continued to grow during the following years.

Peru remained neutral during [[World War II]], continuing its relations with countries in both factions, but nevertheless favoring the Allied faction.<ref name=Novak>{{Cite book |title=Las relaciones entre el Perú y Alemania (1828-2012) |last=Novak |first=Fabián |publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru|PUCP]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-9972-42-634-6 |edition=1st |language=es |url=http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/39909 |access-date=2022-10-21 |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021172807/https://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/39909 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 12 February 1945,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Peru/Formation-of-the-Aprista-movement|title = Peru - Formation of the Aprista movement &#124; Britannica}}</ref><ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Jorge Ortiz Sotelo in Thomas M. Leonard and John F. Bratzel. eds. Latin America During World War II (Rowman & Littlefield: 2007), 226p.</ref> Peru was [[Allies of World War II#After the Declaration by United Nations|the fourth South American nation]] to join the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] against the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] – following [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force#Overview|Brazil]] on 22 August 1942, [[Bolivia]] on 7 April 1943 and [[Colombia]] on 26 November 1943. As part of the [[Japanese-American internment]] program, the country rounded up around 2,000 of its Japanese immigrant population and shipped them to the United States, where they were placed in concentration camps.<ref name=Novak/><ref>[[Agence France-Presse]]/[[Jiji Press]], "Peru sorry for World War II internments", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 16 June 2011, p. 2.</ref> Despite the late entry of the country into the conflict, some volunteers had already left for Europe beforehand. One example was [[Jorge Sanjinez Lenz]], who enlisted in the [[Belgian government in exile|Belgian]] [[Independent Belgian Brigade|Piron Brigade]], and fought in the [[Battle of Normandy]].

====Bustamante administration====
Following the Allied victory in [[World War II]] by 2 September 1945, [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]] (founder of the APRA), together with [[José Carlos Mariátegui]] (leader of the [[Peruvian Communist Party]]), were two major forces in Peruvian politics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protagonistas - Peru |url=http://servicios.abc.gov.ar/lainstitucion/protagonistas/haya.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=servicios.abc.gov.ar}}</ref> Ideologically opposed, they both managed to create the first political parties that tackled the social and economic problems of the country. Although Mariátegui died at a young age,<ref>{{Cite web |title=La muerte de José Carlos Mariátegui contada por Eudocio Ravines |url=https://rocolaperuana.lamula.pe/2020/04/16/la-muerte-de-jose-carlos-mariategui-contada-por-eudocio-ravines/luchitopastor/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=rocolaperuana.lamula.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=afairlie |date=2021-04-16 |title=Aniversario de la muerte de José Carlos Mariategui |url=https://alanfairliereinoso.pe/?p=8438 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Alan Fairlie Reinoso |language=es-PE}}</ref> President [[José Bustamante y Rivero|Bustamante y Rivero]] hoped to create a more democratic government by limiting the power of the military and the oligarchy. Elected with the cooperation of the APRA, conflict soon arose between the President and Haya de la Torre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=▷ Gobierno de José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (1945 - 1948) {{!}} Carpetapedagogica.com |url=https://carpetapedagogica.com/gobiernodejoseluisbustamanteyrivero |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=carpetapedagogica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perú |first=Historia del |date=2014-09-20 |title=Gobierno de Bustamante y Rivero |url=https://historiaperuana.pe/periodo-independiente/republica/gobierno-bustamante-y-rivero |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Historia del Perú |language=es}}</ref> Without the support of the APRA party, Bustamante y Rivero found his presidency severely limited. The President disbanded his ''Aprista'' cabinet and replaced it with a mostly military one. In 1948, Minister [[Manuel A. Odría]] and other [[right-wing]] elements of the Cabinet urged Bustamante y Rivero to ban the APRA, but when the President refused, Odría resigned his post.