Editing Gentrification (section)

==Anti-gentrification protests==

=== Benezet Court, Inc. (Philadelphia, PA) ===
Society Hill, one of the oldest neighborhoods in Philadelphia, PA, was designated for urban renewal in the late 1950s. This urban renewal called for renovations of buildings that were home to families of color. While it was initially promised that the families would not have to leave by the OHA (Octavia Hill Association), they were later evicted and it was determined that it would not be possible to renovate these buildings while keeping the price of rent low. An African American woman named Dorothy Miller (née Stroud) became the face of the Octavia Hill Seven, a moniker given to the seven households who resisted the relocation. Philip Price Jr. was a lawyer who joined Miller in the fight for affordable housing. With his leadership, several residents formed an SHCA committee and subsequently a nonprofit organization to consider options for rehabilitation or new construction for Miller and her neighbors. They named their organization Benezet Court, Inc., after an early abolitionist in Philadelphia. Eventually, the organization was able to achieve affordable housing options in the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ammon |first=Francesca Russello |date=2018 |title=Resisting Gentrification Amid Historic Preservation: Society Hill, Philadelphia, and the Fight for Low-Income Housing |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cot.2018.0001 |journal=Change over Time |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=8–31 |doi=10.1353/cot.2018.0001 |s2cid=151261528 |issn=2153-0548}}</ref>

=== Movement for Justice in El Barrio ===
The Movement for Justice in El Barrio is an immigrant-led, organized group of tenants who resist against gentrification in East Harlem, New York. This movement has 954 members and 95 building communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/35625-participatory-democracy-drives-anti-gentrification-movement-in-new-york-s-el-barrio|title=Participatory Democracy Drives Anti-Gentrification Movement in New York's El Barrio|last=Davies|first=Jessica|website=Truthout|date=16 April 2016|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150713/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/35625-participatory-democracy-drives-anti-gentrification-movement-in-new-york-s-el-barrio|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 April 2006, the MJB gathered people to protest in the New York City Hall against an investment bank in the United Kingdom that purchased 47 buildings and 1,137 homes in East Harlem. News of these protests reached England, Scotland, France and Spain. MJB made a call to action that everyone, internationally, should fight against gentrification. This movement gained international traction and also became known as the International Campaign Against Gentrification in El Barrio.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Campaign Against Gentrification Launched|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2008/4/7/headlines/international_campaign_against_gentrification_launched|access-date=20 November 2016|website=Democracy Now!}}<br />{{cite web|title=Nonprofit (New York): Movement for Justice in El Barrio|url=http://www.idealist.org/view/nonprofit/H2dW3SPD9GBD/|access-date=20 November 2016|website=Idealist.org}}</ref>

===Cereal Killer Cafe protest===
On 26 September 2015, a cereal cafe in East London called [[Cereal Killer Cafe]] was attacked by a large group of anti-gentrification protestors. These protestors carried with them a pig's head and torches, stating that they were tired of unaffordable luxury flats going into their neighborhoods. These protestors were alleged to be primarily "middle-class academics", who were upset by the lack of community and culture that they once saw in East London.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/cereal-killer-london-gentrification-housing/408199/ |date=30 September 2015|title=Why Are Londoners Attacking a Cereal Cafe?|last=Horn|first=Heather|newspaper=The Atlantic|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khomami |first1=Nadia |last2=Halliday |first2=Josh |title=Shoreditch Cereal Killer Cafe targeted in anti-gentrification protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/sep/27/shoreditch-cereal-cafe-targeted-by-anti-gentrification-protesters |work=The Guardian |date=27 September 2015 }}</ref> People targeted Cereal Killer Cafe during their protest because of an alleged article in which one of the brothers with ownership of the cafe had said marking up prices was necessary as a business in the area. After the attack on the cafe, users on Twitter were upset that protestors had targeted a small business as the focus of their demonstration, as opposed to a larger one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Europe - Anti-gentrification movement grows in London |date=1 October 2015 |url=http://www.dw.com/en/inside-europe-anti-gentrification-movement-grows-in-london/av-18752785 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref>

===San Francisco tech bus protests===
The [[San Francisco tech bus protests]] occurred in late 2013 in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States, protesting against tech shuttle buses that take employees to and from their homes in the Bay Area to workplaces in Silicon Valley. Protestors said the buses were symbolic of the gentrification occurring in the city, rising rent prices, and the displacement of small businesses. This protest gained global attention and also inspired anti-gentrification movements in East London.<ref name=":63">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Protest-Blocks-Tech-Buses-in-San-Francisco-as-Supes-Consider-Extending-Program-368202491.html|title=Protests Block Tech Buses in San Francisco|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>

===ink! Coffee Protest (Denver, Colorado)===
[[File:Vandalism Following Controversial Gentrification Ad .jpg|thumb|Clean up effort by the City of Denver at ink! Coffee in Five Points, Denver. The coffee shop was vandalized following the debut of a controversial ad campaign.]]

On 22 November 2017, ink! Coffee, a small coffee shop, placed a manufactured metal [[Sandwich board]] sign on the sidewalk outside one of their [[Denver]] locations in the historic [[Five Points, Denver]] neighborhood.  The sign said "Happily gentrifying the neighborhood since 2014" on one side and "Nothing says gentrification like being able to order a cortado" on the other side.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/11/22/ink-coffee-gentrification-joke-denver/|title=Ink! Coffee's bragging about gentrifying Five Points turns bitter on Twitter|date=23 November 2017|work=The Denver Post|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref>

Ink's ad ignited outrage and garnered national attention when a picture of the sign was shared on social media by a prominent Denver writer, Ru Johnson.  The picture of the sign quickly went viral accumulating critical comments and negative reviews. Ink! responded to the social media outrage with a public apology followed by a lengthier apology from its founder, Keith Herbert.  Ink's public apology deemed the sign a bad joke causing even more outrage on social media.<ref name=":0" /> The ad design was created by a Five Points, Denver firm named Cultivator Advertising & Design.  The advertising firm responded to the public's dismay by issuing an ill-received social media apology, "An Open Letter to Our Neighbors".<ref name=":1" />

The night following the debut of ink's controversial ad campaign their [[Five Points, Denver]] location was vandalized.  A window was broken and the words "WHITE COFFEE" among others were spray-painted onto the front of the building.  Protest organizers gathered at the coffee shop daily following the controversy.  The coffee shop was closed for business the entire holiday weekend following the scandal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/11/23/ink-coffee-five-points-gentrification-controversy/|title=Ink! Coffee in Five Points tagged "white coffee" by vandal following gentrification controversy|date=24 November 2017|work=The Denver Post|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref>

At least 200 people attended a protest and boycott event on 25 November 2017 outside of ink!'s Five Points location.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/11/24/ink-coffee-denver-gentrification-protest/|title=Graffiti on ink! Coffee covered up, hundreds plan to protest business amid gentrification controversy|date=25 November 2017|work=The Denver Post|access-date=25 November 2017}}<br>{{Cite news|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/11/25/ink-coffee-gentrification-protest/|title=Demonstrators protest Ink Coffee sign celebrating gentrification|date=25 November 2017|work=The Denver Post|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref>  News of the controversy was covered by media outlets worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc15.com/news/national/ink-coffee-shop-vandalized-a-day-after-joking-about-gentrification-in-five-points-neighborhood|title=Denver's ink! Coffee shop vandalized a day after joking about gentrification|last1=Contreras|first1=Oscar|last2=Allen|first2=Jaclyn|date=26 November 2017|work=KNXV|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Molloy |first1=Mark |title=Coffee shop apologises for 'tone deaf' gentrification sign after backlash |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/24/coffee-shop-apologises-tone-deaf-gentrification-sign-backlash/ |work=The Telegraph |date=24 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/ink-coffee-shop-vandalized-after-their-controversial-gentrification-sign/494327850|title=ink! Coffee shop vandalized after their controversial gentrification sign |last=Tegna |work=10NEWS|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/nov/24/denver-coffeeshop-hit-white-coffee-graffiti-after-/|title=Denver coffeeshop hit with 'white coffee' graffiti after outrage over 'gentrifying' advertisement|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Hamilton Locke Street Vandalism ===
On 3 March 2018, an anarchist group vandalized coffee shops, luxury automobiles, and restaurants on [[Locke Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|Locke Street]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/weekend-vandalism-in-hamilton-was-anti-gentrification-act-blogger-writes/article38230631/|title=Weekend vandalism in Hamilton was anti-gentrification act, blogger writes|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> The attack was linked to an [[Anarchism|anarchist]] group in the city known as The Tower, that aimed to highlight issues of gentrification in Hamilton through vandalizing new businesses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/locke-street-riot-1.4564035|title=Hamilton police link anarchist book fair to $100,000 vandalism spree {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> On 7 March, The Tower's free community library was vandalized by what the group referred to as "far-right goons".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/the-tower-vandalism-locke-street-1.4565702|title=Hamilton anarchist space, The Tower, has been vandalized {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> Investigation followed, with arrests related to the Locke Street vandalism being made by [[Hamilton Police Service|Hamilton police]] in April and June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/locke-street-vandalism-update-1.4607858|title=Hamilton police charge leading local anarchist in Locke Street vandalism {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=12 October 2018}}<br>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/locke-street-vandalism-police-update-1.4687124|title=Police arrest 3 people, looking for 3 more in Locke Street vandalism investigation {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>