Editing Franco-Prussian War (section)

===Paris Commune===
{{See also|Paris Commune}}
During the war, the [[National Guard (France)|Paris National Guard]], particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on [[Montmartre]], National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national government and regular army forces retreated to [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A [[Paris Commune|commune]] was elected, which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] replaced the [[Flag of France|French tricolour]] and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from {{nowrap|21–28 May}} in the {{lang|fr|[[Semaine Sanglante]]}} ("bloody week").{{sfn|Wawro|2003|pp=301, 310}}{{sfn|Baldick|1974|p=209}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=When Germany Occupied France|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25113009|first1=Stephane|last1=Lauzanne|journal=The North American Review |year=1923 |volume=217|issue=810 |pages=594–600|jstor=25113009 }}</ref>

During the fighting, the [[Communards]] killed around 500 people, including [[Georges Darboy]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris|Archbishop of Paris]], and burned down many government buildings, including the [[Tuileries Palace]] and the [[Hotel de Ville, Paris|Hotel de Ville]].{{sfn|Horne|1965|p=416}} Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed between 7,000 and 30,000 Communards, both during the fighting and in massacres of men, women, and children during and after the Commune.{{sfn|Rougerie|1995|p=118}}{{sfn|Baldick|1974|p=209}}{{sfn|Wawro|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Wawro|2003|p=301}} More recent histories, based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune, put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|p=118}} Twenty-six courts were established to try more than {{nowrap|40,000 people}} who had been arrested, which took until 1875 and imposed {{nowrap|95 death}} sentences, of which {{nowrap|23 were}} inflicted. Forced labour for life was imposed on {{nowrap|251 people,}} {{nowrap|1,160 people}} were transported to "a fortified place" and {{nowrap|3,417 people}} were transported {{where|date=March 2024}}. About {{nowrap|20,000 Communards}} were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Belgium or the United States. The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return.{{sfn|Horne|1965|pp=422–424}}