Editing Ferdinand Marcos (section)

===Rolex 12 and the military===
Along with Marcos, members of his [[Rolex 12]] circle such as Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, [[Chief of the Philippine Constabulary]] [[Fidel Ramos]], and [[Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]] [[Fabian Ver]] were the chief administrators of martial law. The three remained Marcos' closest advisers until he was ousted. Peripheral members of the Rolex 12 included [[Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.|Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.]] and [[Lucio Tan]].

Between 1972 and 1976, Marcos increased the size of the Philippine military from 65,000 to 270,000 personnel, in response to South Vietnam falling into the hands of North Vietnam and other communist successes in South East Asia. Military officers were placed on the [[board of directors|boards]] of media corporations, public utilities, development projects, and other private corporations, most of whom were highly educated graduates of the Philippine Military Academy. Marcos also supported the growth of a domestic weapons-manufacturing industry and increased military spending.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Moran, Jon|title=Patterns of Corruption and Development in East Asia|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=20|issue=3|date=June 1999|page=579|doi=10.1080/01436599913695}}</ref>

Many human rights abuses were attributed to the Philippine Constabulary then headed by future president [[Fidel V. Ramos]]. Marcos organized the [[Integrated Civilian Home Defense Forces|Civilian Home Defense Force]], precursor of Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) to battle communist and Islamic insurgencies. It was accused of inflicting human right violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Cesar Lumba|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=thzpCgAAQBAJ|page=132}}|title=Once Upon a Blue Dot|date=November 6, 2015|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781504959117|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165046/https://books.google.com/books?id=thzpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT132#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>