Editing Depleted uranium (section)

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Arfsten>{{cite journal
|title = A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development
|vauthors=Arfsten DP, Still KR, Ritchie GD |journal = Toxicology and Industrial Health
|volume = 17
|issue = 5–10
|pages = 180–191
|year = 2001
|doi = 10.1191/0748233701th111oa
|pmid = 12539863
|bibcode=2001ToxIH..17..180A |s2cid=25310165}}</ref>
<ref name=Briner>{{cite journal
|title = Effects of short-term and long-term depleted uranium exposure on open-field behavior and brain lipid oxidation in rats
|vauthors=Briner W, Murray J |journal = [[Neurotoxicology and Teratology]]
|volume = 27
|issue = 1
|pages = 135–44
|year = 2005
|doi = 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.09.001
|pmid = 15681127|bibcode=2005NTxT...27..135B }}</ref>

<ref name=Carter>{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=R. F. |last2=Stewart |first2=K. |year=1970 |title=On the oxide fume formed by the combustion of plutonium and uranium |journal=Inhaled Particles |volume=2 |pages=819–38 |pmid=5527739}}</ref>
<ref name=Coker>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Coker |first1= W. J. |last2= Bhatt |first2= B. M.
 |last3= Blatchley |first3= N. F. |last4= Graham |first4= J. T. |year= 1999
 |title= Clinical findings for the first 1000 Gulf war veterans in the Ministry of Defence's medical assessment programme
 |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 318 |issue= 7179 |pages= 290–294
 |jstor= 25181700 |doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7179.290|pmid= 9924053 |pmc= 27710 |quote=As the veterans assessed by the programme were all self selected, the prevalence of illness in Gulf war veterans cannot be determined from this study. Furthermore, it is not known whether the veterans in this study were representative of sick veterans as a group.}}</ref>

<ref name=Craft>{{cite journal
| vauthors=Craft ES, Abu-Qare AW, Flaherty MM, Garofolo MC, Rincavage HL, Abou-Donia MB
| year = 2004
| title = Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects
| journal = Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews
| volume = 7
| issue = 4
| pages = 297–317
| doi = 10.1080/10937400490452714
| pmid = 15205046 | bibcode = 2004JTEHB...7..297C
|citeseerx=10.1.1.535.5247 |s2cid=9357795
| url=http://www.dmzhawaii.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/health-overview-04.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dmzhawaii.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/health-overview-04.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=DiLella>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Di Lella |first1= L. A. |last2= Nannoni |first2= F.
 |last3= Protano |first3= G. |last4= Riccobono |first4= F. |year= 2005
 |title= Uranium contents and atom ratios in soil and earthworms in western Kosovo after the 1999 war
 |journal= Science of the Total Environment |volume= 337 |number= 1–3 |pages= 109–118
 |doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.001 |pmid= 15626383 |bibcode= 2005ScTEn.337..109D }}</ref>
<ref name=Domingo>{{cite journal
|title = Reproductive and developmental toxicity of natural and depleted uranium: a review
|vauthors = Domingo JL
|journal = Reproductive Toxicology
|volume = 15
|issue = 6
|pages = 603–9
|year = 2001
|doi = 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00181-2
|pmid = 11738513|bibcode = 2001RepTx..15..603D
|s2cid = 38317769
}}</ref>
<ref name=Doyle>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Doyle |first1= P. |last2= MacOnochie |first2= N.
 |last3= Davies |first3= G. |last4= MacOnochie |first4= I.
 |last5= Pelerin |first5= M. |last6= Prior |first6= S.
 |last7= Lewis |first7= S. |year= 2004
 |title= Miscarriage, stillbirth and congenital malformation in the offspring of UK veterans of the first Gulf war
 |journal= [[International Journal of Epidemiology]]|volume= 33 |number= 1 |pages= 74–86
 |doi= 10.1093/ije/dyh049 |pmid= 15075150 |doi-access= free }}</ref>

<ref name=Fathi>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Fathi |first1= R. A. |last2= Matti |first2= L. Y.
 |last3= Al-Salih |first3= H. S. |last4= Godbold |first4= D. |year= 2013
 |title= Environmental pollution by depleted uranium in Iraq with special reference to Mosul and possible effects on cancer and birth defect rates
 |journal= [[Medicine, Conflict and Survival]] |volume= 29 |number= 1 |pages= 7–25
 |doi= 10.1080/13623699.2013.765173 |pmid= 23729095 |s2cid= 45404607 }}</ref>
<ref name=Hindin>{{cite journal
|vauthors = Hindin R, Brugge D, Panikkar B
|year = 2005
|title = Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective
|journal = Environmental Health
|volume = 4
|page = 17
|pmc=1242351
|pmid = 16124873
|doi = 10.1186/1476-069X-4-17
|issue = 1
|doi-access = free
|bibcode = 2005EnvHe...4...17H
}}</ref>
<ref name=Horan>{{cite journal |last1=Horan |first1=P. |last2=Dietz |first2=L. |last3=Durakovic |first3=A. |title=The quantitative analysis of depleted uranium isotopes in British, Canadian, and U.S. Gulf War veterans |journal=Military Medicine |volume=167 |issue=8 |date=August 2002 |pages=620–627 |pmid=12188230 |doi=10.1093/milmed/167.8.620 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=Iversen>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Iversen |first1= Amy |last2= Chalder |first2= Trudie
 |last3= Wessely |first3= Simon |author3-link= Simon Wessely |year= 2007
 |title= Gulf War Illness: Lessons from medically unexplained symptoms
 |journal= [[Clinical Psychology Review]] |volume= 27 |number= 7 |pages= 842–854
 |doi= 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.006 |pmid=17707114|quote= .. despite clear evidence of an increase in symptom burden and a decrease in well being" among Gulf War veterans, "exhaustive clinical and laboratory based scientific research has failed to document many reproducible biomedical abnormalities in this group. Likewise, there has been no evidence of an increase in disease related mortality.}}</ref>

<ref name=Kang>{{cite journal
|vauthors= Kang H, Magee C, Mahan C, Lee K, Murphy F, Jackson L, Matanoski G
|year = 2001
|title = Pregnancy Outcomes Among U.S. Gulf War Veterans: A Population-Based Survey of 30,000 Veterans
|journal = Annals of Epidemiology
|volume = 11
|issue = 7
|pages = 504–511
|pmid = 11557183
|doi = 10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00245-9}}</ref>

<ref name=Lagorio>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Lagorio |first1= S. |last2= Grande |first2= E.
 |last3= Martina |first3= L. |year= 2008
 |title= Review of epidemiological studies of cancer risk among Gulf War and Balkans veterans
 |journal= Epidemiologia e Prevenzione |volume= 32 |pages= 145–155
 |pmid= 18828552 |issue=3, number 3}}</ref>
<ref name=Livengood>{{Cite book |last= Livengood |first= David R. |year= 1996 |chapter= Introduction to the Problem |editor= David R. Livengood |title= Health Effects of Embedded Depleted Uranium Fragments |page= 3 |chapter-url= http://www.usuhs.mil/afrri/outreach/pdf/livengood.pdf |location= Bethesda, Maryland |publisher= [[Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<!-- Possible alt URL: www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf --></ref>

<ref name = "McDiarmid 2001 123">{{Cite journal
 |last= McDiarmid |first= Melissa A. |year= 2001
 |title= Depleted uranium and public health: Fifty years' study of occupational exposure provides little evidence of cancer
 |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 322 |issue= 7279 |pages= 123–124
 |jstor= 25466001 | pmc=1119402
 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.322.7279.123 |pmid=11159557|quote=Depleted uranium possesses only 60% of the radioactivity of natural uranium, having been 'depleted' of much of its most highly radioactive U<sup>234</sup> and U<sup>235</sup> isotopes.}}</ref>
<ref name=Macfarlane>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Macfarlane |first1= Gary J. |last2= Biggs |first2= Anne-Marie
 |last3= Maconochie |first3= Noreen |last4= Hotopf |first4= Matthew
 |last5= Doyle |first5= Patricia |last6= Lunt |first6= Mark |year= 2003
 |title= Incidence of cancer among UK Gulf War veterans: cohort study
 |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 327 |issue= 7428 |pages= 1373–1375
 |jstor= 25458017 |doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7428.1373|pmid= 14670879 |pmc= 292984|quote=There is no current excess risk of cancer overall nor of site specific cancers in Gulf war veterans. Specific exposures during deployment have not resulted in a subsequent increased risk of cancer. The long latent period for cancer, however, necessitates the continued follow up of these cohorts. }}</ref>
<ref name=Miller>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Miller |first1= A. C. |last2= McClain |first2= D. |year= 2007
 |title= A Review of Depleted Uranium Biological Effects: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies
 |journal= Reviews on Environmental Health |volume= 22 |issue= 1 |pages= 75–89
 |doi= 10.1515/REVEH.2007.22.1.75 |pmid= 17508699 |s2cid= 25156511 }}</ref>
<ref name=Miller2>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Miller |first1= A. C. |last2= Stewart  |first2= M.
 |last3= Brooks |first3= K. |last4= Shi |first4= L.
 |last5= Page |first5= N. |year= 2002
 |title= Depleted uranium-catalyzed oxidative DNA damage: absence of significant alpha particle decay
 |journal= Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry |volume= 91 |issue= 1 |pages= 246–252
 |doi= 10.1016/S0162-0134(02)00391-4 |pmid= 12121782 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1259849 |doi-access= free }}</ref>
<ref name=Mitsakou>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Mitsakou |first1= C. |last2= Eleftheriadis |first2= K.
 |last3= Housiadas |first3= C. |last4= Lazaridis |first4= M. |year= 2003
 |title= Modeling of the dispersion of depleted uranium aerosol
 |journal= Health Physics |volume= 84 |number= 4 |pages= 538–544
 |doi= 10.1097/00004032-200304000-00014 |pmid= 12705453 |s2cid= 3244650 }}</ref>
<ref name=Murphy1999>{{Cite journal
 |last= Murphy |first= Frances M. |year= 1999
 |title= Gulf war syndrome: There may be no specific syndrome, but troops suffer after most wars
 |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 318 |issue= 7179 |pages= 274–275
 |jstor= 25181681
 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.318.7179.274 |pmid= 9924035 |pmc= 1114762 |quote=[T]hough Gulf War veterans' illnesses are real and sometimes disabling, they do not seem to constitute a unique illness.}}</ref>
<ref name=Murphy2009>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Murphy |first1= Dominic |last2= Greenberg |first2= Neil
 |last3= Bland |first3= Duncan |year= 2009
 |title= Health concerns in UK Armed Forces personnel
 |journal= [[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume= 102 |number= 4 |pages= 143–147
 |doi= 10.1258/jrsm.2009.080387 |pmid= 19349506 |pmc= 2666054|quote=Metallic DU is weakly radioactive and therefore contact with unbroken skin is an extremely low risk to health. However, when a DU round strikes an armoured target, it undergoes spontaneous partial combustion resulting in a fine aerosol of largely insoluble uranium oxides. Presence of this aerosol elevates the risk of potentially chemotoxic or radiotoxic exposure via inhalation or ingestion.<br>[T]here is now a large body of evidence to suggest that, whatever the cause of the ill-health experienced by Gulf War veterans, neither DU nor vaccinations are likely to have caused them.}}</ref>

<ref name=Patel>{{Cite journal
 |last= Patel |first= Amit |year= 2006
 |title= No strong link between depleted uranium and cancer
 |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 333 |issue= 7575 |pages= 970–971 |jstor= 40700763 |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7575.971-b |pmid=17082557 |pmc=1633807|quote=[t]he majority evidence and expert opinion on the lack of a clear association between depleted uranium are quite consistent}}</ref>
<ref name=Pattison>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Pattison |first1= John E. |last2= Hugtenburg |first2= Richard P.
 |last3= Green |first3= Stuart |year= 2010
 |title= Enhancement of Natural Background Gamma-radiation Dose around Uranium Micro-particles in the Human Body
 |journal= Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume= 7 |issue= 45 |pages= 603–611
 |doi= 10.1098/rsif.2009.0300 |pmid= 19776147 |pmc= 2842777}}</ref>
<ref name=Peragallo>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Peragallo |first1= M. S. |last2= Urbano |first2= F.
 |last3= Sarnicola |first3= G. |last4= Lista |first4= F.
 |last5= Vecchione |first5= A. |year= 2011
 |title= Cancer incidence in the military: an update
 |journal= Epidemiologia e Prevenzione |volume= 35 |pages= 339–345
 |pmid= 22166781 |issue=5–6, number 5–6|quote=[T]he excess of reported cases for this malignancy [lymphoma] in 2001–2002 was probably due to a peak that occurred in 2000 among the whole military; it is therefore unrelated to deployment in the Balkans, and probably represents a chance event}}</ref>

<ref name=Salbu>{{cite journal |vauthors=Salbu B, Janssens K, Lind OC, Proost K, Gijsels L, Danesi PR |year=2005 |title=Oxidation states of uranium in depleted uranium particles from Kuwait |journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |pmid=15511555 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.04.001|bibcode=2005JEnvR..78..125S }}</ref>
<ref name=Schroder>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schröder H, Heimers A, Frentzel-Beyme R, Schott A, Hoffman W |title=Chromosome Aberration Analysis in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Gulf War and Balkans War Veterans |journal=Radiation Protection Dosimetry |year=2003 |volume=103 |pages=211–219 |pmid=12678382 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006135 |url=http://www.cerrie.org/committee_papers/INFO_9-H.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140108135436/http://www.cerrie.org/committee_papers/INFO_9-H.pdf |archive-date= 8 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=Shelton>{{cite report |vauthors=Shelton S, Daxon E, Oxenberg T, Kowalski RT, Lindsay DO, O'Brien GP, Rael JE, Silva DG, Smith RA, Stone SJ, Strickland L, Thomson BM, Tomei Torres F |date=June 1995 |title= Health and Environmental Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the U.S. Army |publisher=U.S. Army Environmental Policy Institute (AEPI) |type=Technical Report |doi=10.13140/2.1.3468.3201}}</ref>
<ref name=Stone>{{cite journal
 |first=Richard |last=Stone
 |date=13 September 2002
 |title=Environmental Radioactivity: New Findings Allay Concerns Over Depleted Uranium
 |journal=Science
 |volume=297
 |issue=5588
 |page=1801
 |doi=10.1126/science.297.5588.1801
 |pmid=12228701
 |s2cid=128852045}}</ref>
<ref name=Stott>{{Cite journal
 |last1= Stott |first1= Robin
 |last2= Holdstock |first2= Douglas |year= 1999
 |title= WHO should undertake full inquiry into Gulf war illness
 |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 318 |issue= 7195
 |page= 1422
 |jstor= 25184732 |doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7195.1422a|pmid= 10334774
 |pmc= 1115801
 }}</ref>

<ref name=Wan>{{cite journal
|vauthors=Wan B, Fleming J, Schultz T, Sayler G |title = In vitro immune toxicity of depleted uranium: effects on murine macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and gene expression profiles
|journal = Environmental Health Perspectives
|volume = 114
|issue = 1
|pages = 85–91
|year = 2006
|pmid = 16393663
|pmc = 1332661
|doi=10.1289/ehp.8085|bibcode = 2006EnvHP.114...85W
}}</ref>
<ref name=Zwijnenburg>{{Cite book
 |last= Zwijnenburg |first= Wim |year= 2012
 |title= Hazard Aware: Lessons learned from military field manuals on depleted uranium and how to move forward for civilian protection norms
 |url= http://www.ikvpaxchristi.nl/media/files/hazard-aware.pdf   <!-- Alternative URL if the above ever fails: https://web.archive.org/web/18990101080101/http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/docs/197.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/docs/197.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live -->
 |location= Utrecht |publisher= IKV Pax Christi
 |isbn= 978-9-070-44327-6 }}</ref>

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