Editing Cornish language (section)

=== Place-names and surnames ===
{{See also|Cornish surnames}}

[[File:CornwallKernowMappa.png|thumb|right|Place-names translated into [[Standard Written Form|SWF]]]]

The Cornish language features in the [[toponymy]] of Cornwall, with a significant contrast between English place-names prevalent in eastern Cornwall and Cornish place-names to the west of the Camel-Fowey river valleys, where English place-names are much less common.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pye |title=Cornish Place-names in the Landscape |publisher=[[University of Exeter]] |date=2019 |pages=393}}</ref> Hundreds of Cornish family names have an etymology in the Cornish language, the majority of which are derived from Cornish place-names.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/964412220 |title=The Oxford dictionary of family names in Britain and Ireland |date=2016 |first1=Patrick |last1=Hanks |first2=Richard A. |last2=Coates |first3=Peter |last3=McClure |isbn=9780192527479 |edition=1st |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=xxxi |oclc=964412220}}</ref> Long before the agreement of the [[Standard Written Form|Standard Written Form of Cornish]] in the 21st century, Late Cornish orthography in the [[Early Modern]] period usually followed Welsh to English transliteration, phonetically rendering C for K, I for Y, U for W, and Z for S. This meant that place names were adopted into English with spellings such as 'Porthcurno' and 'Penzance'; they are written {{lang|kw|Porth Kernow}} and {{lang|kw|Pen Sans}} in the Standard Written Form of Cornish, agreed upon in 2008. Likewise words such as {{lang|kw|Enys}} ('island') can be found spelled as ''{{lang|en-cornu|Ince}}'' as at [[Ince Castle]]. These apparent mistransliterations can, however, reveal an insight into how names and places were actually pronounced, explaining, for example, how anglicised {{lang|en-cornu|[[Launceston, Cornwall|Launceston]]}} is still pronounced [ˈlansǝn] with emphasis on the first element,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20669792 |title=BBC pronouncing dictionary of British names |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=G. E. |last=Pointon |isbn=0192827456 |edition=2nd |pages=140 |oclc=20669792}}</ref> perhaps from Cornish {{lang|kw|Lann Stefan}}, though the ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names'' considers this unlikely.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ekwall |first=Eilert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/400936 |title=The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names |date=1960 |isbn=0198691033 |edition=4th |publisher=Claredon Press |location=Oxford |pages=289 |oclc=400936}}</ref>

The following tables present some examples of Cornish place names and surnames and their anglicised versions:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
! English (anglicised)<br />place-name || Cornish place-name ||Translation
|-
| [[Truro]] || {{lang|kw|Truru}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=647}} ||Three Roads
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]]}} || {{lang|kw|Aberfal}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=44}} || Mouth [of] Fal
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Newquay, Cornwall|Newquay]]}} || {{lang|kw|Tewynn Pleustri}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=624}} || Dunes [of] Pleustri
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Penzance]]}} || {{lang|kw|Pennsans}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=514}} || Head Holy i.e. Holy Headland
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Redruth]]}} || {{lang|kw|Rysrudh}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=866}} || Ford Red
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Camborne]]}} || {{lang|kw|Kammbronn}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=717}} || Camm (crooked) Hill
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[St Austell]]}} || {{lang|kw|Sen Ostell}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=573}} || Saint Ostel
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Bodmin]]}} || {{lang|kw|Bosvenegh}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=102}} || Abode [of] Monks
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Liskeard]]}} || {{lang|kw|Lyskerrys}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=432}} || Court [of the] Crossroads
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Launceston, Cornwall|Launceston]]}} || {{lang|kw|Lannstefan}}{{sfn|George|2009|p=408}} || Land [of] [[St Stephen]]
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English (anglicised) surname || Cornish surname || Translation
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Angwin (disambiguation)|Angwin]]}} || {{lang|kw|An Gwynn}} || 'The White'
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|Angove}} || {{lang|kw|An Gov}} || 'The Smith'
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Ellery (surname)|Ellery]]}} || {{lang|kw|Elerghi}} || Either a dialectal variant of [[Hilary (name)|Hilary]] (from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Hilarius}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=Ellery Family History |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/name-origin?surname=ellery |access-date=28 November 2018 |website=[[Ancestry.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Last Name: Ellery |url=http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Ellery |access-date=28 November 2018 |website=SurnameDB}}</ref><br />or from the parish of {{lang|kw|[[Veryan|Elerghi]]}}, meaning 'swan river'.
|-
|{{lang|en-cornu| [[Chenoweth]]}} || {{lang|kw|Chi Nowydh}} || 'New house'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Hodges |first2=Flavia |title=The Oxford Names Companion |date=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0198605617 |page=125}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Pascoe]]}} || {{lang|kw|Pask}} || 'Easter/Passion'
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|Curnow}} || {{lang|kw|Kernow}} || 'Cornwall'
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Teague (disambiguation)|Teague]]}} || {{lang|kw|Teg}} || 'Fair/Beautiful'
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Trevithick]]}} || {{lang|kw|Trevuthik}} || Possibly 'Homestead of the doctor'<ref>{{cite web |title=Trevithick Family History |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/name-origin?surname=trevithick |access-date=28 November 2018 |website=[[Ancestry.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Goldsworthy (name)|Goldsworthy]]}} || {{lang|kw|Golerewi}} || From {{lang|kw|gool-erewi}}, literally meaning 'feast-acre'.<ref>{{cite web |title=An English - Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form |url=http://www.kernewegva.com/PDFs/glossary_140810.pdf |first1=Albert |last1=Bock |first2=Benjamin |last2=Bruch |first3=Neil |last3=Kennedy |first4=Daniel |last4=Prohaska |first5=Laurence |last5=Rule |date=14 August 2010 |work=Kernewegva.com |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|en-cornu|[[Tremaine]]}} || {{lang|kw|Tremayn}} || 'Mean/Middle town'
|}
{{col-end}}