Editing Cardiac arrest (section)

==Children==
In children, the most common cause of cardiac arrest is [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]] or [[respiratory failure]] that has not been treated.<ref name="Walls-2017" /> Cardiac arrhythmias are another possible cause. Arrhythmias such as asystole or bradycardia are more likely in children, in contrast to ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia as seen in adults.<ref name="Walls-2017" /> 

Additional causes of sudden unexplained cardiac arrest in children include [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] and coronary artery abnormalities.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Topjian AA, Raymond TT, Atkins D, Chan M, Duff JP, Joyner BL, Lasa JJ, Lavonas EJ, Levy A, Mahgoub M, Meckler GD, Roberts KE, Sutton RM, Schexnayder SM |date=January 2021 |title=Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=Pediatrics |volume=147 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=e2020038505D |doi=10.1542/peds.2020-038505D |pmid=33087552 |s2cid=224826594|url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/cf95jm57h }}</ref> In childhood hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, previous adverse cardiac events, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, syncope, and left ventricular hypertrophy have been shown to predict sudden cardiac death.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Norrish G, Cantarutti N, Pissaridou E, Ridout DA, Limongelli G, Elliott PM, Kaski JP |date=July 2017 |title=Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in childhood hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1556078/ |journal=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1220–1230 |doi=10.1177/2047487317702519 |pmid=28482693 |s2cid=206821305 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Other causes can include drugs, such as [[Cocaine intoxication|cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]], or overdose of medications, such as antidepressants.<ref name="Walls-2017" />

For management of pediatric cardiac arrest, CPR should be initiated if suspected. Guidelines provide algorithms for pediatric cardiac arrest management. Recommended medications during pediatric resuscitation include epinephrine, lidocaine, and amiodarone.<ref name="de Caen-2015">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, Gooden CK, Hickey RW, Scott HF, Sutton RM, Tijssen JA, Topjian A, van der Jagt ÉW, Schexnayder SM, Samson RA |date=November 2015 |title=Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=18 Suppl 2 |pages=S526–S542 |doi=10.1161/cir.0000000000000266 |pmc=6191296 |pmid=26473000}}</ref><ref name="Wang-2017" /><ref name="Neumar-2015" /> However, the use of sodium bicarbonate or calcium is not recommended.<ref name="Neumar-2015" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Velissaris D, Karamouzos V, Pierrakos C, Koniari I, Apostolopoulou C, Karanikolas M |date=April 2016 |title=Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Arrest: Current Guidelines and Literature Review |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine Research |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=277–283 |doi=10.14740/jocmr2456w |pmc=4780490 |pmid=26985247}}</ref> The use of calcium in children has been associated with poor neurological function as well as decreased survival.<ref name="Walls-2017" /> Correct dosing of medications in children is dependent on weight, and to minimize time spent calculating medication doses, the use of a [[Broselow tape]] is recommended.<ref name="Walls-2017" />

Rates of survival in children with cardiac arrest are 3 to 16% in North America.<ref name="de Caen-2015"/>