Editing Book (section)

== Collection and classification ==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2024}}
Personal and public libraries, archives and other forms of book collection have led to the creation of many different organization and classification strategies. In the 19th and 20th century, libraries and library professionals systematized book collecting and classification systems to respond to the growing industry. The most widely used system is [[ISBN]], which has provided unique identifiers for books since 1970.

=== Libraries ===
{{main|Library}}
[[File:Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg|thumb|The [[Library of Celsus]] in [[Ephesus]], Turkey, was built in 135 AD, and could house around 12,000 scrolls.]]
A library is a collection of books, and possibly other [[Document|materials]] and media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or digital (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location, a virtual space, or both. A library's collection normally includes printed materials which may be borrowed, and usually also includes a reference section of publications which may only be utilized inside the premises. Resources such as commercial releases of films, television programs, other video recordings, radio, music and audio recordings may be available in many formats. These include [[DVD]]s, [[Blu-ray]]s, [[CD]]s, [[Cassette tape|cassettes]], or other applicable formats such as [[microform]]. They may also provide access to information, music or other content held on [[bibliographic database]]s.

Libraries can vary widely in size and may be organized and maintained by a public body such as a government, an institution (such as a school or museum), a corporation, or a private individual. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of [[librarian]]s who are trained experts in finding, selecting, circulating and organising information while interpreting information needs and navigating and analyzing large amounts of information with a variety of resources.

Library buildings often provide quiet areas for studying, as well as common areas for group study and collaboration, and may provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources, such as computers and access to the Internet.

The library's clientele and general services offered vary depending on its type: users of a [[public library]] have different needs from those of a [[special library]] or academic library, for example. Libraries may also be community hubs, where programs are made available and people engage in lifelong learning. Modern libraries extend their services beyond the physical walls of the building by providing material accessible by electronic means, including from home via the Internet.

=== Identification and classification ===
[[File:ISBN.JPG|thumb|[[ISBN]] with [[barcode]]]]
In 2011, the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA) created the [[International Standard Bibliographic Description]] (ISBD) in order to standardize descriptions in bibliographies and library catalogs. Each book is specified by an International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, which is meant to be unique to every edition of every book produced by participating publishers, worldwide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. An ISBN has four parts: the first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a [[check digit]], and can take values from 0–9 and X (10). The [[European Article Number|EAN]] [[Barcode]]s numbers for books are derived from the ISBN by prefixing 978, for [[Bookland]], and calculating a new check digit.

Commercial publishers in industrialized countries generally assign ISBNs to their books, so buyers may presume that the ISBN is part of a total international system, with no exceptions. However, many government publishers, in industrial as well as developing countries, do not participate fully in the ISBN system, and publish books which do not have ISBNs. A large or public collection requires a [[Library catalog|catalogue]]. Codes called "call numbers" relate the books to the catalogue, and determine their locations on the shelves. Call numbers are based on a [[Library classification]] system. The call number is placed on the spine of the book, normally a short distance before the bottom, and inside. Institutional or national standards, such as [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]]/[[NISO]] Z39.41 – 1997, establish the correct way to place information (such as the [[title (publishing)|title]], or the name of the author) on book spines, and on "shelvable" book-like objects, such as containers for [[DVD]]s, [[video tape]]s and [[software]].
[[File:Wien - Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek, Bücherspeicher.JPG|thumb|Books on library shelves and call numbers visible on the spines]]

One of the earliest and most widely known systems of cataloguing books is the [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey Decimal System]]. Another widely known system is the [[Library of Congress Classification]] system. Both systems are biased towards subjects which were well represented in US libraries when they were developed, and hence have problems handling new subjects, such as computing, or subjects relating to other cultures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Gretchen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvCjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |title=Organizing Library Collections: Theory and Practice |date=August 5, 2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-0852-9 |page=167 |language=en |access-date=August 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806004904/https://books.google.com/books?id=SvCjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Information about books and authors can be stored in databases like [[online general-interest book database]]s. [[Metadata]], which means "data about data" is information about a book. Metadata about a book may include its title, ISBN or other classification number (see above), the names of contributors (author, editor, illustrator) and publisher, its date and size, the language of the text, its subject matter, etc.

==== Classification systems ====
* [[Bliss bibliographic classification]] (BC)
* [[Chinese Library Classification]] (CLC)
* [[Colon Classification]]
* [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] (DDC)
* [[Harvard-Yenching Classification]]
* [[Library of Congress Classification]] (LCC)
* [[New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries]]
* [[Universal Decimal Classification]] (UDC)

=== Conservation ===
[[File:IMA Conservation Technician 4.jpg|thumb|A conservation technician examining an artwork under a microscope at the [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]]]
The [[conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera]] is dedicated to extending the life of items of historical and personal value made primarily from [[paper]], [[parchment]], and [[leather]]. When applied to [[cultural heritage]], conservation activities are generally undertaken by a [[conservator-restorer|conservator]]. The primary goal of conservation is to extend the lifespan of the object as well as maintaining its integrity by keeping all additions reversible. Conservation of books and paper involves techniques of [[bookbinding]], [[Conservation and restoration of cultural property|restoration]], paper [[chemistry]], and other material technologies including preservation and archival techniques.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Banik|first1=Gerhard |title=Paper and water: a guide for conservators|date=2011|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|first2=Irene |last2=Brückle |isbn=978-0-7506-6831-6 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>

Book and paper conservation seeks to prevent and, in some cases, reverse damage due to handling, [[inherent vice]], and the environment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schechter |first1=Abraham A. |title=Basic Book Repair Methods |date=15 June 1999 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-56308-700-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/basicbookrepairm0000sche |language=en |pages=1–36}}</ref><ref name="CCI418"/> Conservators determine proper methods of [[Cultural property storage|storage]] for books and documents, including boxes and shelving to prevent further damage and promote long-term storage.<ref name="Cloonan-2015">{{cite book |editor-last1=Cloonan |editor-first1=Michele Valerie |title=Preserving Our Heritage: Perspectives from Antiquity to the Digital Age |date=2015 |publisher=American Library Association |isbn=978-1-55570-937-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555709372 |pages=323–345, 374–378}}</ref> Carefully chosen methods and techniques of active conservation can both reverse damage and prevent further damage in batches or single-item treatments based on the value of the book or document.<ref name="Ritzenthaler-2015">{{cite book |last=Ritzenthaler |first=Mary Lynn |chapter=Excerpts from 'Conservation Treatment' |editor-last1=Cloonan |editor-first1=Michele Valerie |title=Preserving Our Heritage: Perspectives from Antiquity to the Digital Age |date=2015 |publisher=American Library Association |isbn=978-1-55570-937-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555709372 |pages=323–345, 374–378}}</ref>

Historically, book restoration techniques were less formalized and carried out by various roles and training backgrounds. Nowadays, the conservation of paper documents and books is often performed by a professional conservator.<ref name="CCI418">{{cite web |url=http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/caringfor-prendresoindes/articles/418-eng.aspx |title=How to Care for Paper Documents and Newspaper Clippings |publisher=Canadian Conservation Institute|date=4 January 2002 |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224951/http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/caringfor-prendresoindes/articles/418-eng.aspx |archive-date=12 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="CYT">{{cite web |work=American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works |title=Caring for Your Treasures |access-date=26 April 2014 |url=http://www.conservation-us.org/about-conservation/caring-for-your-treasures#.U13JgK1dX4g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104085131/http://www.conservation-us.org/about-conservation/caring-for-your-treasures#.U13JgK1dX4g |archive-date=4 November 2014}}.</ref> Many paper or book conservators are members of a professional body, such as the [[American Institute for Conservation]] (AIC) or the [[Guild of Bookworkers]] (both in the United States), the [[Archives and Records Association]] (in the United Kingdom and Ireland), or the [[Institute of Conservation]] (ICON) (in the United Kingdom).<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Conservation|url=https://icon.org.uk/icon-resources/what-is-conservation|access-date=9 March 2020|website=Institute of Conservation|publisher=The Institute of Conservation |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513005519/https://icon.org.uk/icon-resources/what-is-conservation}}</ref>