Editing Augmented reality (section)

===Healthcare planning, practice and education===
One of the first applications of augmented reality was in healthcare, particularly to support the planning, practice, and training of surgical procedures. As far back as 1992, enhancing human performance during surgery was a formally stated objective when building the first augmented reality systems at U.S. Air Force laboratories.<ref name="B. Rosenberg 1992"/> AR provides surgeons with patient monitoring data in the style of a fighter pilot's heads-up display, and allows patient imaging records, including functional videos, to be accessed and overlaid. Examples include a virtual [[X-ray]] view based on prior [[tomography]] or on real-time images from [[ultrasound]] and [[confocal microscopy]] probes,<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04268-3_60 |pmid=20426023 |chapter=Optical Biopsy Mapping for Minimally Invasive Cancer Screening |title=Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2009 |volume=5761 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=483–490 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |year=2009 |last1=Mountney |first1=Peter |last2=Giannarou |first2=Stamatia |last3=Elson |first3=Daniel |last4=Yang |first4=Guang-Zhong |isbn=978-3-642-04267-6 }}</ref> visualizing the position of a tumor in the video of an [[endoscope]],<ref>{{youTube|4emmCcBb4s|Scopis Augmented Reality: Path guidance to craniopharyngioma}}</ref> or radiation exposure risks from X-ray imaging devices.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-10404-1_52 |pmid=25333145 |chapter=3D Global Estimation and Augmented Reality Visualization of Intra-operative X-ray Dose |title=Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2014 |volume=8673 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=415–422 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |year=2014 |last1=Loy Rodas |first1=Nicolas |last2=Padoy |first2=Nicolas |isbn=978-3-319-10403-4 |s2cid=819543 }}</ref><ref>{{youTube|pINE2gaOVOY|3D Global Estimation and Augmented Reality Visualization of Intra-operative X-ray Dose}}</ref> AR can enhance viewing a [[fetus]] inside a mother's [[womb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/us/ |title=UNC Ultrasound/Medical Augmented Reality Research |access-date=6 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212231230/http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/us/ |archive-date=12 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Siemens, Karl Storz and IRCAD have developed a system for [[Laparoscopy|laparoscopic]] liver surgery that uses AR to view sub-surface tumors and vessels.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-10404-1_53 |pmid=25333146 |chapter=An Augmented Reality Framework for Soft Tissue Surgery |title=Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2014 |volume=8673 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=423–431 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |year=2014 |last1=Mountney |first1=Peter |last2=Fallert |first2=Johannes |last3=Nicolau |first3=Stephane |last4=Soler |first4=Luc |last5=Mewes |first5=Philip W. |isbn=978-3-319-10403-4 }}</ref>
AR has been used for cockroach phobia treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Botella |first1=Cristina |last2=Bretón-López |first2=Juani |last3=Quero |first3=Soledad |last4=Baños |first4=Rosa |last5=García-Palacios |first5=Azucena |title=Treating Cockroach Phobia With Augmented Reality |journal=Behavior Therapy |date=September 2010 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=401–413 |doi=10.1016/j.beth.2009.07.002 |pmid=20569788 |s2cid=29889630 }}</ref> and to reduce the fear of spiders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Anja|last2=Wang|first2=Nan|last3=Ibach|first3=Merle K.|last4=Fehlmann|first4=Bernhard|last5=Schicktanz|first5=Nathalie S.|last6=Bentz|first6=Dorothée|last7=Michael|first7=Tanja|last8=Papassotiropoulos|first8=Andreas|last9=de Quervain|first9=Dominique J. F.|date=2021-08-01|title=Effectiveness of a smartphone-based, augmented reality exposure app to reduce fear of spiders in real-life: A randomized controlled trial|journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders|language=en|volume=82|pages=102442|doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102442|pmid=34246153|s2cid=235791626|issn=0887-6185|doi-access=free}}</ref> Patients wearing augmented reality glasses can be reminded to take medications.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.healthtechevent.com/technology/augmented-reality-revolutionizing-medicine-healthcare/ | title = Augmented Reality Revolutionizing Medicine | publisher = Health Tech Event | access-date = 9 October 2014 | date = 6 June 2014 | archive-date = 12 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141012184851/http://www.healthtechevent.com/technology/augmented-reality-revolutionizing-medicine-healthcare/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Augmented reality can be very helpful in the medical field.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Daniel J.|date=December 2016|title=Augmented reality in surgery: The Computer-Aided Medicine revolution|journal=International Journal of Surgery |volume=36|issue=Pt A|pages=25|doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.10.003|issn=1743-9159|pmid=27741424|doi-access=free}}</ref> It could be used to provide crucial information to a doctor or surgeon without having them take their eyes off the patient.

On 30 April 2015, Microsoft announced the [[Microsoft HoloLens]], their first attempt at augmented reality. The HoloLens is capable of displaying images for image-guided surgery.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cui|first1=Nan|last2=Kharel|first2=Pradosh|last3=Gruev|first3=Viktor|s2cid=125528534|date=8 February 2017|title=Augmented reality with Microsoft HoloLens holograms for near-infrared fluorescence based image guided surgery|publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics|volume=10049|pages=100490I|doi=10.1117/12.2251625|series=Molecular-Guided Surgery: Molecules, Devices, and Applications III|chapter=Augmented reality with Microsoft Holo ''Lens'' holograms for near-infrared fluorescence based image guided surgery|editor1-last=Pogue|editor1-first=Brian W|editor2-last=Gioux|editor2-first=Sylvain}}</ref> As augmented reality advances, it finds increasing applications in healthcare. Augmented reality and similar computer based-utilities are being used to train medical professionals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moro |first1=C |last2=Birt |first2=J |last3=Stromberga |first3=Z |last4=Phelps |first4=C |last5=Clark |first5=J |last6=Glasziou |first6=P |last7=Scott |first7=AM |title=Virtual and Augmented Reality Enhancements to Medical and Science Student Physiology and Anatomy Test Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. |journal=Anatomical Sciences Education |date=May 2021 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1002/ase.2049 |pmid=33378557|s2cid=229929326 |url=https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/63e5a776-f3fd-48f2-b0ba-f47ca4ca96e2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barsom|first1=E. Z.|last2=Graafland|first2=M.|last3=Schijven|first3=M. P.|date=1 October 2016|title=Systematic review on the effectiveness of augmented reality applications in medical training|journal=Surgical Endoscopy|language=en|volume=30|issue=10|pages=4174–4183|doi=10.1007/s00464-016-4800-6|pmid=26905573|issn=0930-2794|pmc=5009168}}</ref> In healthcare, AR can be used to provide guidance during diagnostic and therapeutic interventions e.g. during surgery. Magee et al.,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Magee|first1=D.|last2=Zhu|first2=Y.|last3=Ratnalingam|first3=R.|last4=Gardner|first4=P.|last5=Kessel|first5=D.|date=1 October 2007|title=An augmented reality simulator for ultrasound guided needle placement training|journal=Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing|language=en|volume=45|issue=10|pages=957–967|doi=10.1007/s11517-007-0231-9|pmid=17653784|s2cid=14943048|issn=1741-0444|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/75786/8/Combine.pdf}}</ref> for instance, describe the use of augmented reality for medical training in simulating ultrasound-guided needle placement. Recently, augmented reality began seeing adoption in [[neurosurgery]], a field that requires heavy amounts of imaging before procedures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tagaytayan|first1=Raniel|last2=Kelemen|first2=Arpad|last3=Sik-Lanyi|first3=Cecilia|title=Augmented reality in neurosurgery|journal=Archives of Medical Science |volume=14|issue=3|pages=572–578|doi=10.5114/aoms.2016.58690|issn=1734-1922|pmc=5949895|pmid=29765445|year=2018}}</ref>