Editing Arabs (section)

=== Music ===
{{main|Arabic music}}
[[File:Umm_Kulthum4.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Umm Kulthum]] was an Arab singer, [[songwriter]], and film actress (1920s–1970s). She has been named among the "200 Greatest Singers of All Time".<ref>{{citation|title=Rolling Stone Magazine named iconic singer Umm Kulthum among the greatest 200 singers of all time.|date=8 January 2023|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/121771/Rolling-Stone-Magazine-named-iconic-singer-Umm-Kulthum-among-the}}</ref>]]
[[Arabic music]], while independent and flourishing in the 2010s, has a long history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres. It is an amalgam of the music of the Arab people in the Arabian Peninsula and the music of all the peoples that make up the Arab world today.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Touma|first=Habib Hassan|date=1972|title=[Review of ''Das arabische Tonsystem im Mittelalter'' by Liberty Manik]|department=Book Reviews|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=140–144|doi=10.2307/850449|jstor=850449}}</ref> Pre-Islamic Arab music was similar to that of Ancient Middle Eastern music. Most historians agree that there existed distinct forms of music in the [[Arabian peninsula]] in the pre-Islamic period between the 5th and 7th century CE. [[Arabic poetry|Arab poets]] of that "Jahili poets", meaning "the poets of the period of ignorance"—used to recite poems with a high notes.<ref name="Jahili2">{{Cite web|date=16 December 2004|title=الغناء في العصر الجاهلي|url=https://www.khaledtrm.net/?p=74}}</ref> It was believed that [[Genie|Jinns]] revealed poems to poets and music to musicians.<ref name="Jahili2" /> By the 11th century, Islamic Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually throughout [[France]], influencing French [[troubadour]]s, and eventually reaching the rest of [[Europe]]. The English words [[lute]], [[rebec]], and [[Naqareh|naker]] are derived from Arabic [[oud]], [[Rebab|rabab]], and [[naqareh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Douglas Alton|title=A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance|year=2002|publisher=Lute Society of America|isbn=978-0971407107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2008|title=Asian Music Tribal Music of India, 32, 1, Fall, 2000/ Winter, 2001|url=http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/journals/archive/am/00449202_ap030061.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220100655/http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/journals/archive/am/00449202_ap030061.html|archive-date=20 December 2008|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

A number of [[musical instrument]]s used in [[classical music]] are believed to have been derived from Arabic musical instruments: the [[lute]] was derived from the ''[[Oud]]'', the [[rebec]] (ancestor of [[violin]]) from the ''[[Maghreb rebab]]'', the [[guitar]] from ''qitara'', which in turn was derived from the Persian [[Tar (lute)|Tar]], [[Naqareh|naker]] from ''[[naqareh]]'', [[adufe]] from ''[[Daf|al-duff]]'', [[alboka]] from ''al-buq'', ''anafil'' from ''[[Nafir (trumpet)|al-nafir]]'', exabeba from ''al-shabbaba'' ([[flute]]), atabal ([[bass drum]]) from ''al-tabl'', atambal from ''al-tinbal'',<ref>{{Citation|last=Farmer|first=Henry George|title=Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence|year=1988|publisher=Ayer Publishing|isbn=040508496X|oclc=220811631|author-link=Henry George Farmer|page=137}}</ref> the [[Balaban (instrument)|balaban]], the [[castanet]] from ''kasatan'', [[Tuna (music)|sonajas de azófar]] from ''sunuj al-sufr'', the [[Bore (wind instruments)|conical bore]] [[wind instrument]]s,<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=140}}</ref> the xelami from the ''sulami'' or ''[[fistula]]'' (flute or [[Organ pipe|musical pipe]]),<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|pp=140–41}}</ref> the [[shawm]] and [[dulzaina]] from the [[Reed (instrument)|reed instruments]] ''zamr'' and ''[[Zurna|al-zurna]]'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=141}}</ref> the [[Galician gaita|gaita]] from the ''[[Rhaita|ghaita]]'', [[rackett]] from ''iraqya'' or ''iraqiyya'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=142}}</ref> [[Violin|geige]] (violin) from ''ghichak'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=143}}</ref> and the [[theorbo]] from the ''tarab''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=144}}</ref>

During the 1950s and the 1960s, Arabic music began to take on a more Western tone – artists [[Umm Kulthum]], [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], and [[Shadia]] along with composers [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab|Mohamed Abd al-Wahab]] and [[Baligh Hamdi]] pioneered the use of western instruments in Egyptian music. By the 1970s several other singers had followed suit and a strand of [[Arabic pop]] was born. Arabic pop usually consists of Western styled songs with Arabic instruments and lyrics. Melodies are often a mix between Eastern and Western. Beginning in the mid-1980s, [[Lydia Canaan]], musical [[Innovator|pioneer]] widely regarded as the first rock star of the [[Middle East]]<ref name="Daily Star Rock Hall2">O'Connor, Tom. [https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Apr-27/349450-lydia-canaan-one-step-closer-to-rocknroll-hall-of-fame.ashx "Lydia Canaan One Step Closer to Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429000832/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Apr-27/349450-lydia-canaan-one-step-closer-to-rocknroll-hall-of-fame.ashx|date=29 April 2016}}, ''[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]'', Beirut, 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lydia Canaan: The Mideast's first rock star|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Nov-17/277842-lydia-canaan-the-mideasts-first-rock-star.ashx?|website=dailystar.com.lb|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505080129/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Nov-17/277842-lydia-canaan-the-mideasts-first-rock-star.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref>