Editing Antisemitism in Islam (section)

===The Ottoman Empire, Turkey and Iraq===
{{Main|Armenian genocide|Assyrian genocide|Greek genocide|Hamidian massacres}}

====Forced migrations of Jews and Assyrian Christians between 1842 and the 21st century====
{{Further|Antisemitism in Turkey|Christianity in the Middle East|Christianity in the Ottoman Empire|Christianity in Turkey|Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|History of the Jews in Turkey|Late Ottoman genocides|Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Persecution of Christians|Persecution of Jews#Muslim world|Racism and discrimination in Turkey}}

In his recent PhD thesis<ref>Mordechai Zaken, "Tribal chieftains and their Jewish Subjects: A comparative Study in Survival": PhD Thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2004.</ref> and his recent book<ref>Mordechai Zaken, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ_bGJhOXxoC "Jewish Subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival"], Brill: Leiden and Boston, 2007 ISBN .</ref> the Israeli scholar Mordechai Zaken discussed the history of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrian Christians]] of Turkey and Iraq (in the Kurdish vicinity) during the last 90 years, from 1843 onwards. In his studies Zaken outlines three major eruptions that took place between 1843 and 1933 during which the Assyrian Christians lost their land and hegemony in their habitat in the Hakkārī (or Julamerk) region in southeastern Turkey and became refugees in other lands, notably Iran and Iraq, and they ultimately established exiled communities in European and western countries (the US, Canada, Australia, New-Zealand, Sweden, France, to mention some of these countries). Mordechai Zaken wrote this study from an analytical and comparative point of view, comparing the Assyrian Christians' experience with the experience of the [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|Kurdish Jews]] who had been dwelling in [[Kurdistan]] for two thousand years or so, but were forced to emigrate to Israel in the early 1950s. The Jews of Kurdistan were forced to leave as a result of the Arab-Israeli war, as a result of increasing hostility and acts of violence which were committed against Jews in Iraqi and Kurdish towns and villages, and as a result of a new situation that developed during the 1940s in Iraq and Kurdistan in which the ability of Jews to live in relative comfort and tolerance (that was disrupted from time to time prior to that period) with their Arab and Muslim neighbors, as they had done for many years, practically came to an end. In the end, the Jews of Kurdistan had to leave their Kurdish habitat en masse and migrate into Israel. The Assyrian Christians, on the other hand, suffered a similar fate but they migrated in stages following each political crisis with the regime in whose boundaries they lived or following each conflict with their Muslim, Turkish, or Arab neighbors, or following the departure or expulsion of their patriarch Mar Shimon in 1933, first to Cyprus and then to the United States. Consequently, although there is still a small and fragile community of Assyrians in Iraq, today, millions of Assyrian Christians live in exiled and prosperous communities in the west.<ref>Joyce Blau, one of the world's leading scholars of [[Kurdish culture]], [[Kurdish languages|languages]] and [[History of the Kurds|history]], suggested, "This part of Mr. Zaken's thesis, concerning Jewish life in Iraqi Kurdistan, well complements the impressive work of the pioneer ethnologist Erich Brauer. Brauer was indeed one of the most skilled ethnographs of the first half of the 20th century and wrote an important book on the Jews of Kurdistan." (Erich Brauer, ''The Jews of Kurdistan'', first edition 1940, revised edition 1993, completed and edited by Raphael Patai, Wayne State University Press, Detroit)</ref>

=====Iran=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Iran}}
{{Further|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran}}
Although Iran was officially neutral during the Second World War, [[Reza Shah]] sympathized with Nazi Germany, making the Jewish community fearful of possible persecutions.<ref name="sanasarian2">Sanasarian (2000), p. 46.</ref> Although these fears did not materialise, anti-Jewish articles were published in the Iranian media. Following the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] in 1941, [[Reza Shah]] was deposed and replaced by his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].

However, [[Kaveh Farrokh]] argues that there is a misconception that antisemitism was widespread in [[Iran]] with Reza Shah in power.<ref name=Farrokh>{{cite book|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|title=Iran at War|year=2011|publisher=Oxford: Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-491-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After the [[Fall of France]] during the time that [[Reza Shah]] was still regent, the head of the Iranian legation in [[Paris]], [[Abdol Hossein Sardari]], used his influence with Nazi contacts to gain exemptions from Nazi race laws for an estimated 2000 [[Iranian Jews]] living in Paris at the time. The legation also issued Iranian travel documents for the Iranian Jews and their non-Iranian family members to facilitate travel through Nazi occupied Europe to safety.<ref name=BBC_Iranian_Schindler>{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|title=The 'Iranian Schindler' who saved Jews from the Nazis|year=2012|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16190541}}</ref>

=====Egypt=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Egypt}}
In [[Egypt]], [[Ahmad Husayn]] founded the [[Young Egypt Party (1933)|Young Egypt Party]] in 1933. He immediately expressed his sympathy for [[Nazi Germany]] to the German ambassador to Egypt. Husayn sent a delegation to the [[Nuremberg rally]] and returned with enthusiasm. After the [[Sudeten Crisis]], the party's leaders denounced Germany for aggression against small nations, but they retained elements which were similar to those of [[Nazism]] or [[Fascism]], e.g. salutes, torchlight parades, leader worship, and antisemitism and [[racism]]. The party's impact before 1939 was minimal, and its espionage efforts were of little value to the Germans.<ref>Lewis (1999) pp. 148–149.</ref>

During World War II, [[Cairo]] was a haven for agents and spies throughout the war. [[Egyptian nationalism|Egyptian nationalists]] were active, with many Egyptians, including [[Farouk of Egypt]] and prime minister [[Ali Mahir Pasha]], all of whom hoped for an Axis victory, and the complete severance of Egyptian ties with Britain.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-999-7 |page=477 }}</ref>

====Islamist and Jihadist groups====
{{Islamism sidebar}}
Antisemitism, alongside [[anti-Western sentiment]], [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Israeli sentiment]], [[Anti-democracy|rejection of democracy]], and [[Jewish conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories involving the Jews]], is widespread both within [[Islamism]] and [[Jihadism]].{{refn|<ref name="Fastenbauer 2020"/><ref name="CTC-Sentinel 2023">{{cite journal |author1-last=Atiyas-Lvovsky |author1-first=Lorena |author2-last=Azani |author2-first=Eitan |author3-last=Barak |author3-first=Michael |author4-last=Moghadam |author4-first=Assaf |date=20 September 2023 |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CTC-SENTINEL-092023.pdf |title=CTC-ICT Focus on Israel: In Word and Deed? Global Jihad and the Threat to Israel and the Jewish Community |url-status=live |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |editor3-last=Morgan |editor3-first=Caroline |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=1–12 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=[[West Point, New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920143721/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CTC-SENTINEL-092023.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jikeli 2015">{{cite book |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |year=2015 |chapter=Anti-Semitism within the Extreme Right and Islamists' Circles |editor1-last=Fireberg |editor1-first=Haim |editor2-last=Glöckner |editor2-first=Olaf |title=Being Jewish in 21st-Century Germany |location=[[Berlin]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |series=Europäisch-jüdische Studien – Beiträge |volume=16 |pages=188–207 |doi=10.1515/9783110350159-013 |doi-access=free |isbn=9783110350159 |jstor=j.ctvbj7jwc.15 |jstor-access=free |s2cid=183381200}}</ref><ref name="Berridge 2018">{{cite book |author-last=Berridge |author-first=Willow J. |year=2018 |chapter=Islamism and the Instrumentalisation of Conspiracism |editor1-last=Asprem |editor1-first=Egil |editor2-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=Asbjørn |editor3-last=Robertson |editor3-first=David G. |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_015 |pages=303–320 |isbn=978-90-04-38150-6 |s2cid=201582498 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref><ref name="JCPA 2020">{{cite journal |last=Spoerl |first=Joseph S. |date=January 2020 |url=https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/ |title=Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |publisher=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] |volume=31 |issue=1/2 |pages=210–244 |jstor=26870795 |issn=0792-335X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120031/https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>}} Many [[Islamic terrorism|militant Islamist]] and [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] individuals, groups, and organizations have openly expressed both antisemitic and anti-Zionist views.{{refn|<ref name="CTC-Sentinel 2023"/><ref name="Jikeli 2015"/><ref name="Berridge 2018"/><ref name="JCPA 2020"/>}} However, even outside Islamist circles, [[Conspiracy theories in the Arab world|anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist conspiracism]] are widespread phenomena in both the [[Arab world]] and the [[Middle East]],<ref name="Fastenbauer 2020"/><ref name="DePoli 2018">{{cite book |author-last=De Poli |author-first=Barbara |year=2018 |chapter=Anti-Jewish and Anti-Zionist Conspiracism in the Arab World: Historical and Political Roots |editor1-last=Asprem |editor1-first=Egil |editor2-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=Asbjørn |editor3-last=Robertson |editor3-first=David G. |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_016 |pages=321–342 |isbn=978-90-04-38150-6 |s2cid=158462967 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref> and it has seen an extraordinary proliferation since the beginning of the [[Information Age|Internet Era]].<ref name="DePoli 2018"/>

[[Lashkar-e-Toiba]]'s propaganda arm has declared that the Jews are the "Enemies of Islam", and it has also declared that Israel is the "Enemy of Pakistan".<ref>B. Raman {{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/01/05/stories/040555ra.htm |title=Lashkar-e-Toiba: Spreading the jehad |access-date=2011-12-05 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226011450/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/01/05/stories/040555ra.htm |archive-date=26 December 2007 }}. The Hindu (2001-01-05)</ref>

[[Hamas]] has widely been described as an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] organization. It has issued antisemitic leaflets, and its writings and manifestos rely upon antisemitic documents (the [[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], and other works of European Christian literature), exhibiting antisemitic themes.<ref name=NAS>Antisemitic:
*[[David Aaronovitch|Aaronovitch, David]]. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/islam/story/0,,982684,00.html "The New Anti-Semitism"], ''The Observer'', 22 June 2003.
*"Hamas refuses to recognize Israel, claims the whole of Palestine as an Islamic endowment, has issued virulently antisemitic leaflets, ..." Laurence F. Bove, Laura Duhan Kaplan, ''From the Eye of the Storm: Regional Conflicts and the Philosophy of Peace'', Rodopi Press, 1995, {{ISBN|90-5183-870-0}}, p. 217.
*"But of all the anti-Jewish screeds, it is the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' that emboldens and empowers antisemites. While other antisemitic works may have a sharper intellectual base, it is the conspiratorial imagery of the ''Protocols'' that has fueled the imagination and hatred of Jews and Judaism, from the captains of industry like Henry Ford, to teenage Hamas homicide bombers." Mark Weitzman, Steven Leonard Jacobs, ''Dismantling the Big Lie: the Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', KTAV Publishing House, 2003, {{ISBN|0-88125-785-0}}, p. xi.
*"There is certainly very clear evidence of antisemitism in the writings and manifestos of organizations like Hamas and Hizbullah...." ''Human Rights Implications of the Resurgence of Racism and Anti-Semitism'', United States Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights – 1993, p. 122.
*"The denomination of the Jews/Zionists by the Hamas organization is also heavily shaped by European Christian anti-Semitism. This prejudice began to infiltrate the Arab world, most notably in the circulation of the 1926 Arabic translation of the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion''....&nbsp;Reliance upon the document is evidenced in the group's charter.... The ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' also informs Hamas's belief that Israel has hegemonic aspirations that extend beyond Palestinian land. As described in the charter, the counterfeit document identifies the Zionists' wish to expand their reign from the Nile River to the Euphrates." Michael P. Arena, Bruce A. Arrigo, ''The Terrorist Identity: Explaining the Terrorist Threat'', NYU Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8147-0716-5}}, pp. 133–134.
*"Standard anti-Semitic themes have become commonplace in the propaganda of Arab Islamic movements like Hizballah and Hamas...." Lewis (1999)</ref> In 1998, Esther Webman of the Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism at [[Tel Aviv University]] wrote that although the above is true, antisemitism was not the main tenet of Hamas ideology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-semitic motifs in Hamas leaflets, 1987–1992 |url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=51#motifs |publisher=[[The Institute for Counter-Terrorism]] |date=9 July 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209065350/http://ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=51 |archive-date=9 December 2007 }}</ref>

In an editorial in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in January 2006, [[Khaled Meshaal]], the chief of Hamas's political bureau denied antisemitism, on Hamas' part, and he said that the nature of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] was not religious but political. He also said that Hamas has "no problem with Jews who have not attacked us".<ref>{{cite news |title=We will not sell our people or principles for foreign aid |date=31 January 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/31/comment.israelandthepalestinians |location=London |first=Khalid |last=Mish'al |access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref>

The tone and casting of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as part of an eternal struggle between Muslim and Jews by the [[1988 Hamas charter|Hamas Covenant]] had become an obstacle for the movement to be able to take part in diplomatic forums involving Western nations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/the-new-hamas-charter-explained-20170502-gvx10t.html|title=The new Hamas charter explained|author=Maher Mughrabi|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2017-05-02}}</ref> The movement came under pressure to update its founding charter issued in 1988 which called for Israel's destruction and advocated violent means for achieving a Palestinian state.<ref name=CNNQiblawi>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/01/middleeast/hamas-charter-palestinian-israeli/|title=Hamas says it accepts '67 borders, but doesn't recognize Israel|publisher=CNN|author1=Tamara Qiblawi|author2= Angela Dewan|author3= Larry Register|date=1 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> A new charter issued in May 2014 stated that the group does not seek war with the [[Jewish people]] but only against Zionism which it holds responsible for "occupation of Palestine",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders|title=Hamas presents new charter accepting a Palestine based on 1967 borders|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Patrick Wintour|date=2 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> while terming Israel as the "Zionist enemy".<ref name=CNNQiblawi/> It also accepted a Palestinian state within the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] as transitional but also advocated "liberation of all of Palestine".<ref name=Mughrabi>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-hamas-document-idUSKBN17X1N8|title=Hamas softens stance on Israel, drops Muslim Brotherhood link|work=Reuters|author1=Nidal al-Mughrabi|author2= Tom Finn|date=2 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-1967-borders-170501114309725.html|title=Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders|publisher=Al-Jazeera|date=2 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Amal Saad-Ghorayeb]], a [[Shiite]] scholar and assistant professor at the [[Lebanese American University]] has written that [[Hezbollah]] is not [[anti-Zionist]], but rather [[anti-Jewish]]. She quoted [[Hassan Nasrallah]] as saying: "If we searched the entire world for a person more cowardly, despicable, weak and feeble in psyche, mind, ideology and religion, we would not find anyone like the Jew. Notice, I do not say the Israeli."<ref name=ASG>{{cite magazine |url =http://www.jeffreygoldberg.net/articles/tny/a_reporter_at_large_in_the_par.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223074001/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/021014fa_fact4 |archive-date=23 February 2007 |last=Goldberg |first= Jeffrey|title=In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=14 October 2002 |access-date=2015-07-29}}</ref> Regarding the official public stance of Hezbollah as a whole, she said that while Hezbollah, "tries to mask its anti-Judaism for public-relations reasons ... a study of its language, spoken and written, reveals an underlying truth." In her book ''Hezbollah: Politics & Religion'', she argues that Hezbollah "believes that Jews, by the nature of Judaism, possess fatal character flaws". Saad-Ghorayeb also said, "Hezbollah's Quranic reading of Jewish history has led its leaders to believe that Jewish theology is evil."<ref name=ASG/>