Editing Zinc (section)

=== Nutrition ===
====Dietary recommendations====
The [[U.S. Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for zinc in 2001. The current EARs for zinc for women and men ages 14 and up is 6.8 and 9.4&nbsp;mg/day, respectively. The RDAs are 8 and 11&nbsp;mg/day. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 11&nbsp;mg/day. RDA for lactation is 12&nbsp;mg/day. For infants up to 12 months the RDA is 3&nbsp;mg/day. For children ages 1–13 years the RDA increases with age from 3 to 8&nbsp;mg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets [[Tolerable upper intake level]]s (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of zinc the adult UL is 40&nbsp;mg/day including both food and supplements combined (lower for children). Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s (DRIs).<ref name="DRI">{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine |year=2001 |chapter=Zinc |chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/14/ |doi=10.17226/10026 |pmid=25057538 |isbn=978-0-309-07279-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234044/https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/14/ |archive-date=September 19, 2017 |pages=442–501 |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Academy Press}}</ref>

The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 18 and older the PRI calculations are complex, as the EFSA has set higher and higher values as the [[phytate]] content of the diet increases. For women, PRIs increase from 7.5 to 12.7&nbsp;mg/day as phytate intake increases from 300 to 1200&nbsp;mg/day; for men the range is 9.4 to 16.3&nbsp;mg/day. These PRIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.<ref name="EFSA">{{cite web| title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170828082247/https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf| archive-date = August 28, 2017| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 25&nbsp;mg/day, which is much lower than the U.S. value.<ref>{{citation| title = Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals| publisher = European Food Safety Authority| year = 2006| url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316225123/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf| archive-date = March 16, 2016| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For zinc labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 15&nbsp;mg, but on May 27, 2016, it was revised to 11&nbsp;mg.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808164651/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=May 16, 2020 | archive-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | url-status=dead }}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].

====Dietary intake====
[[File:Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Recommended Dietary Allowance|Foods and seasonings]] containing zinc|alt=Several plates full of various cereals, fruits and vegetables on a table.]]

Animal products such as meat, fish, shellfish, fowl, eggs, and dairy contain zinc. The concentration of zinc in plants varies with the level in the soil. With adequate zinc in the soil, the food plants that contain the most zinc are wheat (germ and bran) and various seeds, including [[sesame]], [[poppy]], [[alfalfa]], [[celery]], and [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]].<ref name="Ensminger1993">{{Cite book|last=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|author2=Konlande, James E. |title=Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|date=1993|edition=2nd|pages=2368–2369|isbn=978-0-8493-8980-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMA9gYIj-C4C}}</ref> Zinc is also found in [[bean]]s, [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], [[almond]]s, [[whole grain]]s, [[pumpkin seed]]s, [[sunflower seed]]s, and [[blackcurrant]].<ref name="USDA_Zn">{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/nutrlist/sr20w309.pdf |title=Zinc content of selected foods per common measure |access-date=December 6, 2007 |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |work=USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305081926/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/nutrlist/sr20w309.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2009 }}</ref>

Other sources include [[food fortification|fortified food]] and [[dietary supplement]]s in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body.<ref name="Allen1998" /> This review cited studies that found lower plasma zinc concentrations in the subjects who consumed zinc oxide and zinc carbonate than in those who took zinc acetate and sulfate salts.<ref name="Allen1998">{{Cite journal|first=Lindsay H.|last=Allen|title=Zinc and micronutrient supplements for children|journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=68|issue=2 Suppl|date=1998|pmid=9701167|pages=495S–498S|doi=10.1093/ajcn/68.2.495S|doi-access=free}}</ref> For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended cereals (containing zinc oxide) as a cheap, stable source that is as easily absorbed as the more expensive forms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosado|first=J. L.|title=Zinc and copper: proposed fortification levels and recommended zinc compounds|journal=Journal of Nutrition|volume=133|date=2003|pmid=12949397|issue=9|pages=2985S–9S|doi=10.1093/jn/133.9.2985S|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hotz|first=C.|author2=DeHaene, J. |author3=Woodhouse, L. R. |author4=Villalpando, S. |author5=Rivera, J. A. |author6= King, J. C. |title=Zinc absorption from zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, zinc oxide + EDTA, or sodium-zinc EDTA does not differ when added as fortificants to maize tortillas|journal=Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|date=2005|pmid=15867288|issue=5|pages=1102–5|doi=10.1093/jn/135.5.1102|doi-access=free}}</ref>