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=== General and cited sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|chapter=The Establishment and dismantling of the province of Syria, 1865–1888|title=Problems of the modern Middle East in historical perspective: essays in honour of Albert Hourani|first= Butrus|last=Abu-Manneh|editor1-first=John P.|editor1-last=Spagnolo|year=1992|publisher=Ithaca Press (for the Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College Oxford)|isbn=978-0-86372-164-9}} * {{cite book|title=التشخيص والمنصة: دراسات في المسرح العربي المعاصر|trans-title=Platform Diagnosis: Studies in Contemporary Arab Theater|language=ar|first=Jān|last=Aliksān|year=1989|publisher=اتحاد الكتاب العرب (Arab Writers Union)|oclc=4771160319}} * {{cite book|first= Clifford |last=Ando|title=Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century| year=2012| publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-5534-2}} * {{cite book|title=Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World|first=Nathanael J.|last= Andrade|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2013|isbn= 978-1-107-01205-9}} * {{cite book|title=Zenobia: Shooting Star of Palmyra|first=Nathanael J.|last= Andrade|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2018|isbn= 978-0-190-63881-8}} * {{cite book|title=Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide|first= Roger S.|last=Bagnall|year=2004|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-796-2}} * {{cite book|first= Warwick |last=Ball|title= Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire| year=2002| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-82387-1}} * {{cite book|first= Warwick |last=Ball|title= Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire| year=2016| publisher=Routledge|edition= 2|isbn=978-1-317-29635-5}} * {{cite book|author1-first=Thomas|author1-last=Banchich|author2-first=Eugene|author2-last=Lane|title=The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius the Great|year= 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-42473-3}} * {{cite journal|first=Chris|last=Bennett|year=2003|title=Drusilla Regina|journal=The Classical Quarterly|series=(New Series)|publisher= Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association|volume=53|issue=1|pages=315–319|doi=10.1093/cq/53.1.315|issn=0009-8388}} * {{cite journal|first= Roger|last= Bland|year= 2011|title= The Coinage of Vabalathus and Zenobia from Antioch and Alexandria|journal=The Numismatic Chronicle|publisher= The Royal Numismatic Society|volume=171|issn= 2054-9202}} * {{cite book|chapter=Constructions of Syrian identity in the Women's press in Egypt|title=The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity|first= Marilyn|last=Booth|editor1-first=Adel|editor1-last=Beshara|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-61504-4}} * {{cite journal|first= Glen Warren|last= Bowersock|year= 1984|title=The Miracle of Memnon|journal=Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists|publisher=The American Society of Papyrologists|volume=21|issn= 0003-1186}} * {{cite book|title=The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244–284|first=George C.|last=Brauer|publisher=Noyes Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-8155-5036-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsoldierem00brau}} * {{cite book|title= Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics|first= John Jefferson|last=Bray|year=1997|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=978-1-86254-337-9}} * {{cite book|first= Trevor|last=Bryce|title= Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100292-2}} * {{cite book|title=Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period|author1-first=Trevor|author1-last=Bryce|author2-first=Jessie|author2-last= Birkett-Rees|publisher=Routledge|year= 2016|isbn= 978-1-317-56210-8}} * {{cite book|first= Stanley Mayer|last=Burstein|title=The Reign of Cleopatra|orig-year=2004|year=2007| publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3871-8}} * {{cite book|title= Roman Syria and the Near East|first= Kevin|last=Butcher|year=2003|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-715-3}} * {{cite book|title=Modern Arab Historiography: Historical Discourse and the Nation-State|first= Youssef|last=Choueiri|orig-year=1989|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|edition= revised|isbn=978-1-136-86862-7}} * {{cite book|title=West Semitic Personal Names in the Murašû Documents|first=Michael David|last= Coogan|publisher=Scholars Press|year= 1976|isbn= 978-9-00438-778-2}} * {{cite journal|first= Sally J.|last= Cornelison|year= 2002|title= A French King and a Magic Ring: The Girolami and a Relic of St. Zenobius in Renaissance Florence|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|publisher= University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America|volume=55|issue=2|pages= 434–469|issn= 0034-4338|doi= 10.2307/1262315|jstor= 1262315|hdl= 1808/16965|s2cid= 191660895|url= https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/16965/1/CornelisonS_RQ_55%282%29434.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813092609/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/16965/1/CornelisonS_RQ_55%282%29434.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-13 |url-status=live|hdl-access= free}} * {{cite book|first= Eleonora|last=Cussini|editor-first=Eleonora|editor-last=Cussini|title=A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers|chapter= Beyond the spindle: Investigating the role of Palmyrene women|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12418-9}} * {{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/21959354|title=Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday|chapter=What Women Say and Do (in Aramaic Documents)|editor1-first=Giovanni B.|editor1-last=Lanfranchi|editor2-first=Daniele|editor2-last=Morandi Bonacossi|editor3-first=Cinzia|editor3-last=Pappi|editor4-first=Simonetta|editor4-last=Ponchia|first= Eleonora|last=Cussini|publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|series=Leipziger Altorientalistische Studien|volume=2|year= 2012|issn=2193-4436|isbn=978-3-447-06659-4}} * {{cite book|title=Nick Dear Plays 1: Art of Success; In the Ruins; Zenobia; Turn of the Screw|first= Nick |last=Dear|year=2014|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-31843-8}} * {{cite book|author1-first=Beate|author1-last=Dignas|author2-first=Engelbert|author2-last=Winter|title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals|year= 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84925-8}} * {{cite book|first1= Michael H|last1=Dodgeon|first2=Samuel N. C |last2= Lieu|title= The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History| year=2002| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-96113-9}} * {{cite book|title= History of Antioch|first= Glanville|last=Downey|orig-year=1961|year= 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 978-1-4008-7773-7}} * {{cite book|chapter=Maximinus to Diocletian and the 'crisis'|series= The Cambridge Ancient History|title= The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337|first= John|last=Drinkwater|editor1-first=Alan K.|editor1-last=Bowman|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Garnsey|editor3-first=Averil|editor3-last=Cameron|volume=12|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30199-2}} * {{cite book|last=Dumitru|first=Adrian|editor1-first=Altay|editor1-last=Coşkun|editor2-first=Alex|editor2-last=McAuley|year=2016|chapter=Kleopatra Selene: A Look at the Moon and Her Bright Side|title=Seleukid Royal Women: Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|series=Historia – Einzelschriften|volume=240|issn=0071-7665|isbn=978-3-515-11295-6}} * {{cite book|first= Victor|last=Duruy|translator= C.F. Jewett Publishing Company|title=History of Rome and of the Roman people, from its origin to the Invasion of the Barbarians|volume= VII|section= II|orig-year= 1855| year=1883| publisher=Jewett|ol=24136924M}} * {{cite book|first= Peter|last=Edwell|title=Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-09573-5}} * {{cite book|title=Boccaccio's Heroines: Power and Virtue in Renaissance Society|first= Margaret Ann |last=Franklin|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|year= 2006|isbn= 978-0-7546-5364-6}} * {{cite book|title=Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot|first= Antonia|last=Fraser|orig-year=1988|year=2011|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=978-1-78022-070-3}} * {{cite book|title=Gioachino Rossini: A Research and Information Guide|first= Denise|last=Gallo|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-84701-2}} * {{cite book|title=The Founder of Manichaeism: Rethinking the Life of Mani|first= Iain|last=Gardner|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-49907-1}} * {{cite book |first=Edward |last=Gibbon |author-link=Edward Gibbon |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |volume=I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLcWAAAAQAAJ |year=1776 |publisher=W. Strahan and T. Cadell}} * {{cite book|title=Chaucer and the Italian Trecento|chapter= Chaucer and Boccaccio's Latin Works|first=Peter|last=Godman|editor-first= Piero|editor-last= Boitani|orig-year= 1983|year=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31350-6}} * {{cite book|first=Adrian|last=Goldsworthy|title=The Fall Of The West: The Death Of The Roman Superpower|year= 2009|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=978-0-297-85760-0}} * {{cite book|first= Heinrich|last=Graetz|editor-first= Bella |editor-last= Lowy|title=History of the Jews: From the Reign of Hyrcanus (135 B.C.E) to the Completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 C.E. )|volume= II|orig-year= 1893| year=2009|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-942-5}} * {{cite book|title= Works for solo voice of Johann Adolph Hasse, 1699–1783|first=Sven Hostrup|last=Hansell|year=1968|publisher=Information Coordinators|series= Detroit studies in music bibliography|volume= 12|oclc=245456}} * {{cite book|first= Udo|last=Hartmann|title=Das palmyrenische Teilreich|year=2001|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|language= de|isbn=978-3-515-07800-9}} * {{cite book|title=A History of the Church|volume= 1: The Church and the World in which the Church was Founded|first1=Philip |last1=Hughes|year=1949|orig-year=1934|publisher=Sheed & Ward|oclc=781591449}} * {{cite book|title=A Global History of Modern Historiography|first1= Georg G |last1= Iggers|first2= Q. Edward|last2=Wang|first3= Supriya|last3=Mukherjee|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-89501-5}} * {{cite book|title=Palmyra after Zenobia AD 273-750: An Archaeological and Historical Reappraisal|first1=Emanuele E.|last1= Intagliata|year=2018|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=978-1-785-70942-5}} * {{cite book|title=The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday|chapter=Ammonite Personal Names in the Context of the West Semitic Onomasticon|editor1-first=Carol L.|editor1-last=Meyers|editor2-first=Michael Patrick|editor2-last=O'Connor|first= Kent P.|last=Jackson|publisher=Eisenbrauns|series=American Schools of Oriental Research: Special Volume Series|volume=1|year= 1983|isbn=978-0-931-46419-5}} * {{cite book|chapter= Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra|title=Notable Acquisitions at the Art Institute of Chicago|first= Sarah E.|last=Kelly|editor-first=Gail A. |editor-last=Pearson|year=2004|publisher=University of Illinois Press|volume= 2|isbn=978-0-86559-209-4}} * {{cite book|title=Imperial Triumph: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine|first=Michael|last= Kulikowski|publisher=Profile Books|year= 2016|isbn= 978-1-84765-437-3}} * {{cite book|first=Samuel N. C |last= Lieu|title=Manichaeism in Central Asia and China| year=1998| publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10405-1|series= Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-last=Emmel|editor2-first=Hans-Joachim|editor2-last=Klimkeit|volume=45|issn=0929-2470}} * {{cite book|title=Stubborn Theological Questions|first=John|last=Macquarrie|year=2003|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|isbn=978-0-334-02907-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/stubborntheologi0000macq}} * {{cite book|title=Vassal-Queens and Some Contemporary Women in the Roman Empire|first=Grace Harriet|last=Macurdy|series=The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology|volume=22|year=1937|publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press|oclc=477797611}} * {{cite book|title= The Grove Book of Opera Singers|first= Laura Williams|last=Macy|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533765-5}} * {{cite book|chapter=Palmyrene Elites. Aspects of Self-Representation and Integration in Hadrian's Age|title=Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces|first1=Stefano|last1=Magnani|first2=Paola|last2=Mior|editor1-first=Rada|editor1-last=Varga|editor2-first=Viorica|editor2-last=Rusu-Bolinde|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08614-7}} * {{cite web|last=Mark|first=J.J.|date=2014|title=Zenobia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/zenobia/|website=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=March 25, 2025}} * {{cite book|first1=Philip|last1= Matyszak|first2=Joanne|last2=Berry|title=Lives of the Romans|year=2008|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-25144-7}} * {{cite journal|first= Firgus|last= Millar|year= 1971|title=Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: the Church, Local Culture and Political Allegiance in Third-Century Syria|journal=Journal of Roman Studies|publisher=The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies|volume=61|pages= 1–17|oclc=58727367|doi=10.2307/300003|jstor= 300003|s2cid= 154833601}} * {{cite book|first= Fergus|last=Millar|title= The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337| year=1993| publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-77886-3}} * {{cite journal|first= Byron|last= Nakamura|year= 1993|title= Palmyra and the Roman East |journal=Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies|publisher= Duke University, Department of Classical Studies|volume=34|issn=0017-3916}} * {{cite book|title=Narrative and Document in the Rabbinic Canon: The Two Talmuds|volume= 2|first=Jacob|last=Neusner|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year= 2010|isbn= 978-0-7618-5211-7}} * {{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Neoclassical Art and Architecture|edition= 2|first=Allison Lee|last=Palmer|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year= 2020|orig-year=2011|isbn=978-1-538-13359-0}} * {{cite journal|last=Parsons|first=Peter J.|year= 1967|title=A Proclamation of Vaballathus?|journal=Chronique d'Égypte|publisher=Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire|volume=42|issue=84|pages=397–401|doi=10.1484/J.CDE.2.308102|issn=0009-6067}} * {{cite book|title=Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition|first= Daniel|last=Pipes|orig-year=1990|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536304-3}} * {{cite journal|last=Potter|first=David S.|year= 1996|title=Palmyra and Rome: Odaenathus' Titulature and the Use of the Imperium Maius|journal= Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|publisher=Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH|volume=113|issn=0084-5388}} * {{cite book|first= David S|last=Potter|title=The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-69477-8}} * {{cite book|last=Powers|first=David S.|editor1-first= Eleni Margariti|editor1-last=Roxani|editor2-last=Sabra|editor2-first=Adam|editor3-first=Petra |editor3-last=Sijpesteijn|title=Histories of the Middle East: Studies in Middle Eastern Society, Economy and Law in Honor of A.L. Udovitch|chapter= Demonizing Zenobia: The legend of al-Zabbā in Islamic Sources|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18427-5}} * {{cite book|title=Gendering the Crown in the Spanish Baroque Comedia|first= María Cristina|last=Quintero|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-12961-5}} * {{cite book|title=The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period|first= Mohammad|last=Rihan|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year= 2014|isbn= 978-1-78076-564-8}} * {{cite journal|first=Donelle|last=Ruwe|year= 2012|title=Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra: Adelaide O'Keeffe, the Jewish Conversion Novel, and the Limits of Rational Education|journal= Eighteenth-Century Life|publisher=Duke University Press|volume=36|issue=1|pages=30–53|issn=0098-2601|doi=10.1215/00982601-1457093|s2cid=145296181}} * {{cite book|title=Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present|first= Christian|last=Sahner|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-939670-2}} * {{cite book|first= Maurice|last=Sartre|title=The Middle East Under Rome| year=2005| publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01683-5}} * {{cite book|title= Septimia Zenobia Sebaste|language= it|first= Eugenia Equini|last=Schneider|year=1993|publisher=Roma : "L'Erma" di Bretschneider|isbn=978-88-7062-812-8}} * {{cite book|first=Irfan|last=Shahîd|title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Part1: Political and Military History)|volume=1|year= 1995|publisher= Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|isbn=978-0-88402-214-5}} * {{cite book|title=Private Households and Public Politics in 3rd–5th Century Jewish Palestine|series= Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism|volume= 90|first= Alexei|last=Sivertsev|year=2002|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-147780-5}} * {{cite book|title=Women Artists in History: From Antiquity to the Present|first=Wendy|last=Slatkin|orig-year=1985|year=2001|edition=4|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-027319-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/womenartistsinhi00slat}} * {{cite book|title=The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian|first= E. Mary|last=Smallwood|publisher=Brill|year= 1976|isbn= 978-90-04-04491-3}} * {{cite book|title=Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation|first= Andrew M.|last=Smith II|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2013|isbn= 978-0-19-986110-1}} * {{cite book|title=Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen|first= Patricia|last=Southern|publisher=A&C Black|year= 2008|isbn= 978-1-4411-4248-1}} * {{cite book|title=The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine|first= Patricia|last=Southern|publisher=Routledge|year= 2015|isbn= 978-1-317-49694-6}} * {{cite book|first= Jürgen Kurt|last= Stark|title=Personal Names in Palmyrene Inscriptions| year=1971| publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-198-15443-3}} * {{cite book|first= Richard |last=Stoneman|title=Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome|orig-year=1992|year=2003|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08315-2}} * {{cite book|first= Javier|last=Teixidor|editor-first=Eleonora|editor-last=Cussini|title=A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers|chapter= Palmyra in the third century|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12418-9}} * {{cite book|chapter=The Reappearance of the Supra-Provincial Commands in the Late Second and Early Third Centuries C.E.: Constitutional and Historical Considerations|title=Crises and the Roman Empire: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Nijmegen, June 20–24, 2006|volume= 7|first= Frederik J.|last=Vervaet|editor1-first= Olivier|editor1-last=Hekster|editor2-first=Gerda|editor2-last=De Kleijn |editor3-first=Daniëlle|editor3-last=Slootjes|year= 2007|publisher= Brill|isbn= 978-90-04-16050-7}} * {{cite book|first= Alaric|last=Watson|title=Aurelian and the Third Century|orig-year=1999|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90815-8}} * {{cite book|first= Roberta|last=Weldon|title=Hawthorne, Gender, and Death: Christianity and Its Discontents| year=2008| publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-61208-2}} * {{cite book|title=Women in Italy, 1945–1960: An Interdisciplinary Study|chapter= From Bust to Boom: Women and Representations of Prosperity in Italian Cinema of the Late 1940s and 1950s|first= Mary P.|last=Wood|editor-first=Penelope |editor-last=Morris|year=2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-60143-7}} * {{cite book|title=Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305|first=Gary K.|last= Young|publisher=Routledge|year= 2003|isbn= 978-1-134-54793-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Wright |first=William |author-link=William Wright (missionary)|title=An account of Palmyra and Zenobia, with travels and adventures in Bashan and the desert |year=1895 |publisher=[[Thomas Nelson and Sons]]|language=en}} {{refend}}
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