Editing Yale University (section)

====Calhoun College====
Since the 1960s, [[John C. Calhoun]]'s [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] beliefs and pro-slavery leadership<ref name="calhoun_1837" /><ref name="student-petition-2015">{{citation |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XIsgJjSddobqQZSdW_72q5m4A63pWYe-6H16StE-2D8/edit |title=To the Yale Administration |work=Yale students |date=2015 |access-date=April 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011155627/https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XIsgJjSddobqQZSdW_72q5m4A63pWYe-6H16StE-2D8/edit |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theatlantic_2015_rename_Calhoun">{{citation |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/the-cause-to-rename-calhoun-college/408682/ |work=The Atlantic |title=The White-Supremacist Lineage of a Yale College: The elite university still honors the South Carolina senator best known for praising the morality of slavery |first=Lincoln |last=Caplan |date=October 5, 2015 |access-date=April 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502194036/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/the-cause-to-rename-calhoun-college/408682/ |archive-date=May 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Freshman_address_aug_2015">{{cite web |url=http://president.yale.edu/speeches-writings/speeches/launching-difficult-conversation |title=Freshman Address, Yale College Class of 2019: Launching a Difficult Conversation |website=president.yale.edu |access-date=April 28, 2016 |date=August 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610075126/http://president.yale.edu/speeches-writings/speeches/launching-difficult-conversation |archive-date=June 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> had prompted calls to rename the college or remove its tributes to Calhoun. The racially motivated [[Charleston church shooting|church shooting]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], South Carolina, led to renewed calls in the summer of 2015 for [[Calhoun College]], one of 12 residential colleges at the time, to be renamed. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change.<ref name="student-petition-2015"/> They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States.<ref name="student-petition-2015" /><ref name="theatlantic_2015_rename_Calhoun"/> In August 2015, Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed.<ref name="Freshman_address_aug_2015"/> He described Calhoun as "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina".<ref name="Freshman_address_aug_2015" /> He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests."<ref name="calhoun_1837">{{citation |url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/slavery-a-positive-good/ |first=John C. |last=Calhoun |title=Slavery a Positive Good |date=February 6, 1837 |access-date=April 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506210250/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/slavery-a-positive-good/ |archive-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Student activism about this issue increased in the fall of 2015, and included further protests sparked by controversy surrounding an administrator's comments on the potential positive and negative implications of students who wear [[Halloween costumes]] that are [[culturally sensitive]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/the-new-intolerance-of-student-activism-at-yale/414810/ |title=The New Intolerance of Student Activism |website=The Atlantic |last=Friedersdorf |first=Conor |date=November 9, 2015 |access-date=October 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628211036/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/the-new-intolerance-of-student-activism-at-yale/414810/ |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Campus-wide discussions expanded to include critical discussion of the experiences of women of color on campus, and the realities of racism in undergraduate life.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@aaronzlewis/what-s-really-going-on-at-yale-6bdbbeeb57a6 |title=What's Really Going On at Yale |website=Medium |last=Lewis |first=Aaron |date=June 18, 2016 |access-date=April 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044710/https://medium.com/@aaronzlewis/what-s-really-going-on-at-yale-6bdbbeeb57a6 |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The protests were sensationalized by the media and led to the labelling of some students as being members of [[Generation Snowflake]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fox|first1=Claire|title=I Find That Offensive!|date=May 5, 2016|publisher=Biteback|location=London|isbn=9781849549813|url=https://www.bitebackpublishing.com/books/i-find-that-offensive|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125609/https://www.bitebackpublishing.com/books/i-find-that-offensive|archive-date=April 16, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2016, Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests", Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college<ref name="NYT_April_2016_right_wrong">{{citation |title=At Yale, a Right That Doesn't Outweigh a Wrong |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/opinion/at-yale-a-right-that-doesnt-outweigh-a-wrong.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 30, 2016 |access-date=April 30, 2016 |first=Glenda Elizabeth |last=Glenmore |location=New Haven |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501040821/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/opinion/at-yale-a-right-that-doesnt-outweigh-a-wrong.html |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future". He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it".<ref name="NYT_April_2016_right_wrong" /> "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of "master" for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to "head of college" due to its connotation of slavery.<ref name="foxnews_2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/yale-university-will-keep-college-named-for-john-c-calhoun-despite-protests|title=Yale University will keep college named for John C. Calhoun despite protests|date=April 28, 2016|work=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428175947/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/04/28/yale-university-will-keep-college-named-for-john-c-calhoun-despite-protests.html|archive-date=April 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite this apparently conclusive reasoning, Salovey announced that Calhoun College would be renamed for groundbreaking computer scientist [[Grace Hopper]] in February 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/11/us/yale-protests-john-calhoun-grace-murray-hopper.html|title=Yale Will Drop John Calhoun's Name From Building|first=Noah|last=Remnick|date=February 11, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215005241/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/11/us/yale-protests-john-calhoun-grace-murray-hopper.html|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This renaming decision received a range of responses from Yale students and alumni.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holden |first1=Tobias |title=The Right Call: Yale Removes My Racist Ancestor's Name From Campus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/opinion/get-my-racist-ancestors-name-off-of-yales-campus.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 10, 2017 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904011259/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/opinion/get-my-racist-ancestors-name-off-of-yales-campus.html |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prince |first1=Erich |title=The Dangers Of Yale Renaming Its History |url=http://www.courant.com/opinion/op-ed/hc-op-fresh-talk-prince-yale-cant-rename-history-0215-20170214-story.html |website=The Hartford Courant |date=February 15, 2017 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215838/http://www.courant.com/opinion/op-ed/hc-op-fresh-talk-prince-yale-cant-rename-history-0215-20170214-story.html |archive-date=September 3, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kimball |first1=Roger |title=Yale's Inconsistent Name-Dropping |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yales-inconsistent-name-dropping-1486941233 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=February 12, 2017 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052352/https://www.wsj.com/articles/yales-inconsistent-name-dropping-1486941233 |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his 2019 book ''Assault on American Excellence'', former [[Dean of Yale Law School]] [[Anthony T. Kronman]] criticized the title and name changes and the lack of support from Salovey for [[Nicholas Christakis#Yale Halloween controversy|the Christakises]], who were targeted by the student activists. Other members of the university community disagreed with Kronman's positions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Samuel |date=September 5, 2019 |title=Former YLS dean reignites Calhoun conversation |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2019/09/05/former-yls-dean-reignites-calhoun-conversation/ |website=Yale Daily News}}</ref>