Editing Xiongnu (section)

===Paternal lineages===
According to Rogers & Kaestle (2022), roughly 47% of Xiongnu period remains belonged to paternal haplogroups associated with modern West Eurasians, while the rest (53%) belonged to East Asian haplogroups. They observed that this contrasts strongly with the preceding [[Slab Grave culture|Slab Grave]] period, which was dominated by East Asian patrilineages. They suggest that this may reflect an aggressive expansion of people with West Eurasian paternal haplogroups, or perhaps the practice of marriage alliances or cultural networks favoring people with Western patrilines.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|Kaestle|2022|ps=:"While during the slab burial period (ca.1100–300 BCE) eastern patrilines seem to have been dominant, in the Xiongnu period about half of the population had western patrilines with virtually no change to the mtDNA gene pool in east–west terms. If sex bias migration patterns were similar with those found in Europe, this increase of western patrilines would be consistent with aggressive expansion of people with western male ancestry (Batini et al., 2017); however, such a pattern could also be due to a gradual nonaggressive assimilation, such as the practice of marriage alliances associated with an expansion of trade or cultural networks that favored people with western patrilines (Honeychurch, 2013)."}}</ref>

Some examples of paternal haplogroups in Xiongnu specimens include [[haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Q1b]],<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Kang |first1=L. L. |last2=Jin |first2=T. |last3=Wu |first3=F. |last4=Ao |first4=X. |last5=Wen |first5=S. |last6=Wang |first6=C. |last7=Huang |first7=Y. |last8=Li |first8=X. |last9=Li |first9=H. Y |publisher=American Society of Human Genetics |conference=ASHG 63rd Annual Meeting October 22–26, 2013: Boston|date= 2013 |volume=2041|title=Y chromosomes of ancient Hunnu people and its implication on the phylogeny of East Asian linguistic families}} (Poster abstracts [https://www.ashg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2013-poster-abstracts.pdf p. 235]; 2041F)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Knowing the Xiongnu Culture in Eastern Tianshan Mountain from Tomb Heigouliang and Dongheigou Site at the Beginning of Xihan Dynasty|author1=Ren Meng|author2=Wang Jian Xin|date=2011|journal= Xibu Kaogu|pages=252–290}} (Journal: {{lang|zh|西部考古}} {{transliteration|zh|Xibu kaogu}} [Archaeology of the western regions])</ref> [[Haplogroup C-M217|C3]],<ref>{{harvnb|Kim et al.|2010|p=429}}</ref> [[Haplogroup R1|R1]], [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]], [[Haplogroup O-M175|O3a]] and [[Haplogroup O-M175|O3a3b2]],{{sfn|Damgaard et al.|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 9, Rows 20-23}} R1a1a1b2a-Z94, R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124, Q1a, N1a,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keyser|first1=C.|last2=Zvénigorosky|first2=V. |display-authors=etal |s2cid = 220881540|year=2020|title=Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia |journal=Human Genetics|volume=140|issue=2|pages=349–359|doi = 10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4|pmid = 32734383}}</ref> [[Haplogroup J-M172|J2a]], [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1a]] and [[E1b1b|E1b1b1a]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Wang |first2=Ke |last3=Wilkin |first3=Shevan |last4=Erdene |first4=Myagmar |last5=Hendy |first5=Jessica |last6=Warinner |first6=Christina |title=A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe |journal=Cell |date=2020 |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=890–904 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 |pmid=33157037 |pmc=7664836 |hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

According to Lee & Kuang, the main paternal lineages of 62 Xiongnu Elite remains in the [[Egiin Gol]] valley belonged to the paternal [[Haplogroup N1c1|haplogroups N1c1]], [[Haplogroup Q-M242|Q-M242]], and [[Haplogroup C-M217|C-M217]]. One sample from Duurlig Nars belonged to [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a1]] and another to C-M217. Xiongnu remains from [[Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County|Barkol]] belonged exclusively to haplogroup Q. They argue that the haplogroups C2, Q and N likely formed the major paternal haplogroups of the Xiongnu tribes, while R1a was the most common paternal haplogroup (44.5%) among neighbouring nomads from the Altai mountain, who were probably incorporated into the Xiongnu confederation and may be associated with the [[Jie people]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Joo-Yup |last2=Kuang |first2=Shuntu |date=18 October 2017 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml |journal=Inner Asia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=197–239 |doi=10.1163/22105018-12340089 |issn=2210-5018}}</ref>