Editing Wetland (section)

===Levels of restoration===
Factors influencing selected approach may include<ref name="clewell2013" /> budget, time scale limitations, project goals, level of disturbance, landscape and ecological constraints, political and administrative agendas and socioeconomic priorities.

==== Prescribed natural or assisted regeneration ====
For this strategy, there is no biophysical manipulation and the ecosystem is left to recover based on the process of [[Ecological succession|succession]] alone.<ref name="clewell2013" /> The focus is to eliminate and prevent further disturbance from occurring and for this type of restoration requires prior research to understand the probability that the wetland will recover naturally. This is likely to be the first method of approach since it is the least intrusive and least expensive although some biophysical non-intrusive manipulation may be required to enhance the rate of succession to an acceptable level.<ref name="clewell2013" /> Example methods include prescribed burns to small areas, promotion of site specific soil [[microbiota]] and plant growth using nucleation planting whereby plants radiate from an initial planting site,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Corbin|first1=JD|last2=Holl|first2=KD|title=Applied nucleation as a forest restoration strategy|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|date=2012|volume=256|pages=37–46|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.013|bibcode=2012ForEM.265...37C }}</ref> and promotion of niche diversity or increasing the range of niches to promote use by a variety of different species.<ref name="clewell2013" /> These methods can make it easier for the natural species to flourish by removing environmental impediments and can speed up the process of succession.

==== Partial reconstruction ====
For this strategy, a mixture of natural regeneration and manipulated environmental control is used. This may require some engineering, and more intensive biophysical manipulations including ripping of [[subsoil]], [[Agrochemical|agrichemical]] applications of herbicides or insecticides, laying of [[mulch]], mechanical seed dispersal, and tree planting on a large scale.<ref name="clewell2013" /> In these circumstances the wetland is impaired and without human assistance it would not recover within an acceptable period of time as determined by ecologists. Methods of restoration used will have to be determined on a site by site basis as each location will require a different approach based on levels of disturbance and the local ecosystem dynamics.<ref name="clewell2013" /> Another form of partial reconstruction includes the utilization of semi-natural wetlands, such as [[Paddy field|paddy fields]] that are agricultural plains covered by water during planting seasons.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Osawa |first1=Takeshi |last2=Nishida |first2=Takaaki |last3=Oka |first3=Takashi |date=2020-07-01 |title=High tolerance land use against flood disasters: How paddy fields as previously natural wetland inhibit the occurrence of floods |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1470160X20302430 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=114 |pages=106306 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106306 |bibcode=2020EcInd.11406306O |issn=1470-160X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Human assistance is required in order to maintain paddy fields, as they are agricultural in nature, but they have the capacity to reduce flooding in more inland regions.<ref name=":7" /> 

==== Complete reconstruction ====
{{further|Constructed wetland}}
This most expensive and intrusive method of reconstruction requires engineering and ground up reconstruction. Because there is a redesign of the entire ecosystem it is important that the natural trajectory of the ecosystem be considered and that the plant species promoted will eventually return the ecosystem towards its natural trajectory.<ref name="clewell2013" />

In many cases constructed wetlands are often designed to treat stormwater/wastewater runoff. They can be used in developments as part of [[water-sensitive urban design]] systems and have benefits such as flood mitigation, removing pollutants, carbon sequestration, providing habitat for wildlife and biodiversity in often highly urbanised and fragmented landscapes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Functional assessment of wetlands: towards evaluation of ecosystem services |date=2009 |publisher=Woodhead Publ. [u.a.] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-84569-516-3}}</ref>

The mechanism by which wetlands are able to support flood mitigation efforts is multifold. Due to their capacity to hold excess volumes of water during periods of heavy rainfall or inland water flow, wetlands are able to elicit reductions in flood area, flood depth, and flood duration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Yun |last2=Leon |first2=Arturo S. |last3=Kavvas |first3=M. L. |date=2020-03-01 |title=Impact of Size and Location of Wetlands on Watershed-Scale Flood Control |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-020-02518-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1693–1707 |doi=10.1007/s11269-020-02518-3 |bibcode=2020WatRM..34.1693T |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Furthermore, wetlands are able to reduce the velocity of inland water flow, which is an additional mechanism by which wetlands reduce damages to local ecosystems and property found in surrounding regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Carla S. S. |last2=Kašanin-Grubin |first2=Milica |last3=Solomun |first3=Marijana Kapović |last4=Sushkova |first4=Svetlana |last5=Minkina |first5=Tatiana |last6=Zhao |first6=Wenwu |last7=Kalantari |first7=Zahra |date=2023-06-01 |title=Wetlands as nature-based solutions for water management in different environments |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468584423000363 |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health |volume=33 |pages=100476 |doi=10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100476 |bibcode=2023COESH..3300476F |issn=2468-5844}}</ref>

====Traditional knowledge====
The ideas from [[traditional ecological knowledge]] can be applied as a holistic approach to the restoration of wetlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inglis, J. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2CNS64AFvsC&pg=PR4 |title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases |date=1993 |publisher=International Program on Traditional Ecological and International Development Research Centre |isbn=978-0-88936-683-1 |place=Ottawa, Canada}}</ref> These ideas focus more on responding to the observations detected from the environment considering that each part of a wetland ecosystem is interconnected. Applying these practices on specific locations of wetlands increase productivity, biodiversity, and improve its resilience. These practices include monitoring wetland resources, planting propagules, and addition of key species in order to create a self-sustaining wetland ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Craft |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNhOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Creating+and+Restoring+Wetlands+From+Theory+to+Practice&pg=PP1 |title=Creating and Restoring Wetlands: From Theory to Practice |date=2022-05-12 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823982-7 |language=en}}</ref>