Editing Tristan da Cunha (section)

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
| title= Historical population
| percentages = pagr
| 1856 |71<ref name="ThoughtCo">{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/tristan-da-cunha-1435571|website=ThoughtCo.com |title=Tristan da Cunha |last=Rosenberg |first=Matt |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524054103/https://www.thoughtco.com/tristan-da-cunha-1435571 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1880 |109<ref name="Britannica">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Tristan da Cunha |volume=27 |pages=294&ndash;296; see page 295 |quote=The population in 1897 was only 64; in 1901 it was 74, and in 1909, 95}}</ref>
| 1892 |50<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tristandc.com/history1853-1942.php|website=Tristan da Cunha|title=Tristan da Cunha Isolation & Hardship 1853-1942|publisher=Tristan da Cunha Government & Tristan da Cunha Association |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115092129/http://www.tristandc.com/history1853-1942.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1897 |64<ref name="Britannica"/>
| 1901 |74<ref name="Britannica"/>
| 1909 |95<ref name="Britannica"/>
| 1934 |167<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19340524/115/0007 |department=Can You Tell&nbsp;— |title=Answers to Yesterday's Questions |work=Dundee Evening Telegraph |date=24 May 1934 |page=7 |quote=When the French training cruiser, ''Jeanne d'Arc'', recently called at Tristan da Cunha, there were 167&nbsp;inhabitants living in 40&nbsp;low-built thatched cottages. |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>
| 1961 |268<ref name="ThoughtCo"/>
| 1969 |271<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia |edition=3rd |year=1970–1979}}</ref>
| 1987 |296<ref name="ThoughtCo"/><ref name="City">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/StHelena.html|website=City Population|title=St.&nbsp;Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha|date=6 March 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120120154/http://www.citypopulation.de/StHelena.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1999 |286<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/britain-ireland-france-and-low-countries/british-and-irish-political-geography/tristan-da-cunha |via=Encyclopedia.com |title=Tristan Da Cunha |encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6th |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021428/https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/britain-ireland-france-and-low-countries/british-and-irish-political-geography/tristan-da-cunha |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |year=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref>
| 2000 |280<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>
| 2008 |269<ref name="City"/>
| 2016 |293<ref name="City"/><ref name="census2016"/>
| 2018 |250<ref name="tristandc.com"/>
| 2021 |243<ref name="tristandc.com"/>
}}

Tristan da Cunha recorded a population of 243 in the June 2021 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tristandc.com/population.php |series=Tristan da Cunha Families |title=Population Update |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822054126/http://tristandc.com/population.php |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The only settlement is [[Edinburgh of the Seven Seas]] (known locally as "The Settlement"). The current residents are thought to have descended from fifteen outside ancestors, eight male and seven female, who arrived on the island at various dates between 1816 and 1908. The men were European, and the women were mixed race. Now all of the population has mixed ancestry. In addition, a male contributor of eastern European / Russian descent arrived in the early 1900s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Crisis in Utopia |last=Munch |first=Peter |publisher=Longmans |year=1970 |isbn=978-0582105119 |location=New York |pages=55}}</ref> In 1963, when families returned after the evacuation due to the 1961 volcanic eruption, the 200&nbsp;settlers included four Tristan da Cunha women who brought with them new English husbands.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/evacuation-tristan-da-cunha |first=Richard |last=Cavendish |title=The evacuation of Tristan da Cunha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607225235/http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/evacuation-tristan-da-cunha |archive-date=7 June 2016 |magazine=History Today |volume=61 |issue=10 |date=October 2011 |access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Tristan da Cunha4.jpg|thumb|Housing in Tristan da Cunha]]
[[File:Potato patches - Tristan da Cunha.jpg|thumb|Potato patches]] [[File:Tristan da Cunha - Mabel Clark Guest house.jpg|thumb|187x187px|Guest houses provide accommodation for visitors, as there are no hotels on the island.]]

The female descendants have been traced by genetic study to five female founders, believed to be mixed-race (African, Asian, and European descent) and from Saint Helena. The historical data recounted that there were two pairs of sisters, but the [[mtDNA]] evidence showed only one pair of sisters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soodyall |first1=H. |last2=Jenkins |first2=T. |last3=Mukherjee |first3=A. |last4=du Toit |first4=E. |last5=Roberts |first5=D.F. |last6=Stoneking |first6=M. |year=1997 |title=The founding mitochondrial DNA lineages of Tristan da Cunha Islanders |journal=Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=157–166 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199710)104:2<157::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-W |pmid=9386823}}</ref>

The early male founders originated from [[Scotland]], [[England]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[United States]], and [[Italy]], who belonged to three [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-haplogroups]]: [[I-M170|I&nbsp;(M170)]], [[Haplogroup R-M420|R-SRY10831.2]], and [[Haplogroup R-M207|R&nbsp;(M207) (xSRY10831.2)]].<ref name=Y_DNA/> The male founders shared seven surnames: Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello, Repetto, Rogers, and Swain.<ref name="tristandc.com"/>{{efn|The seven surnames are thought to have been immigrants who were Scottish (Rogers), Dutch (Glass), English (Green, Swain), Irish (Hagan), Italian (Lavarello, Repetto) (both probably Ligurian).}} The surnames Collins, Squibb, and Patterson were brought to the island by Tristanian women, returning with their English husbands from the evacuation of the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Weaver, Barry |year=2003 |url=http://ags.ou.edu/%7Ebweaver/Ascension/tdc.htm |title=Tristan da Cunha |department=College of Atmospheric & Geographic Sciences |publisher=University of Oklahoma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610114441/http://ags.ou.edu/~bweaver/Ascension/tdc.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The surnames Collins and Squibb continue to be used on the island. In addition, a new [[haplotype]] was found that is associated with men from Eastern Europe and Russia. It entered the population in the early 1900s, at a time when the island was visited by Russian sailing ships. There is "evidence for the contribution of a hidden ancestor who left his genes, but not his name, on the island."<ref name=Y_DNA>{{cite journal |author1=Soodyall, Himla |author2=Nebel, Almut |author3=Morar, Bharti |author4=Jenkins, Trefor |title=Genealogy and genes: Tracing the founding fathers of Tristan da Cunha |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |year=2003 |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=705–709 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201022 |pmid=12939658 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another four instances of non-paternity were found among male descendants, but researchers believed their fathers were probably among the early island population.<ref name=Y_DNA/>

[[File:St Joseph's Catholic church.jpg|thumb|St Joseph's Catholic church]]
[[File:St Joseph's Catholic Church Tristan da Cunha.jpg|thumb|St Joseph's Catholic Church]]

There are eighty families on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sometimes-interesting.com/2012/03/14/ultimate-remote-location-tristan-da-cunha/|title=Ultimate Remote Tourist Destination: Tristan da Cunha |date=14 March 2012 |website=Sometimes Interesting |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200941/https://sometimes-interesting.com/2012/03/14/ultimate-remote-location-tristan-da-cunha/ |url-status=live}}<!--See http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/tristan_da_cunha/tristan_history_2.html--> <!--http://www.simon-jones.org.uk/articles/tristan_da_cunha.htm--></ref> Like many remote island communities, Tristan da Cunha has a shrinking, ageing population.<ref name="Green 2016 c867">{{cite web|last=Green|first=Cynthia |title=Tristan da Cunha Population Update |website=Tristan da Cunha Website |date=24 May 2016 |url=https://www.tristandc.com/population.php |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128111631/https://www.tristandc.com/population.php |url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, Tristan da Cunha mothers had to travel to [[Cape Town]] to give birth, but since the opening of the [[Camogli Healthcare Centre]] in 2017 have been able to give birth on the island.<ref name="Millington 2021 i832">{{cite web|last=Millington|first=Peter|title=Birth of Jake Peter Swain |website=Tristan da Cunha Website |date=8 July 2021 |url=https://www.tristandc.com/births/news-2021-07-16-jake-swain.php |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827130508/https://www.tristandc.com/births/news-2021-07-16-jake-swain.php |url-status=live}}</ref>