Editing Tone (linguistics) (section)

===Asia===
{{See also|Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area}}
Numerous tonal languages are widely spoken in [[China]] and [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] (including [[Meitei language|Meitei-Lon]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Mog language|Mog]] and most [[varieties of Chinese]]; though some, such as [[Shanghainese]], are only marginally tonal<ref name="Chen 2003 p. 74">{{cite book | last=Chen | first=Zhongmin | title=Studies on Dialects in the Shanghai Area | date=2003 | isbn=978-3-89586-978-5 | page=74 |publisher=LINCOM }}</ref>) and [[Kra–Dai languages]] (including [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Lao language|Lao]]) are mostly tonal. The [[Hmong–Mien languages]] are some of the most tonal languages in the world, with as many as twelve phonemically distinct tones. [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] and [[Austroasiatic]] languages are mostly non-tonal, with a number of exceptions, e.g. [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (Austroasiatic), [[Cèmuhî language|Cèmuhî]] and [[Yabem language|Yabem]] (Austronesian).{{sfnp|Yip|2002|pp=172–73}} Tones in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Alves|first1=Mark|title=Tonal Features and the Development of Vietnamese Tones|journal=Working Papers in Linguistics: Department of University of Hawaii at Manoa|date= 1995|volume=27|pages=1–13|url= https://www.academia.edu/download/30495045/Alves_Vietnamese_Tones_Features.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.academia.edu/download/30495045/Alves_Vietnamese_Tones_Features.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|quote=Clearly, language contact with Chinese had something to do with the development of Vietnamese tones, as the tonal system of Vietnamese corresponds quite directly to the eight-way system of Middle Chinese}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and [[Tsat language|Tsat]] may result from [[Chinese language|Chinese]] influence on both languages. There were tones in [[Middle Korean]]<ref name="Sohn2001">{{cite book| first = Ho-Min | last = Sohn|title=The Korean Language|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx6gdJIOcoQC&pg=PA48|date=29 March 2001|publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-36943-5|pages= 48–}}</ref><ref name= "LeeRamsey2000">{{cite book| first1 = Iksop | last1 = Lee| first2 =S. Robert | last2 = Ramsey|title=The Korean Language|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nVgr2BkwAdkC&pg=PA315|year=2000 |publisher=SUNY Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-4832-8 |pages= 315–}}</ref><ref name= "LeeRamsey2011">{{cite book|first1 =Ki-Moon | last1 = Lee| first2 =S. Robert | last2 = Ramsey|title=A History of the Korean Language|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2AmspKX3beoC&pg=PA168|date=3 March 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49448-9|pages= 168–}}</ref> and a few tones in Japanese.<ref>Bloch, Bernard. 1950. Studies in Colloquial Japanese. Part 4: Phonemics. Language 26. 86–125.</ref><ref>Martin, Samuel E. 1952. Morphophonemics of Standard Colloquial Japanese. (Language Dissertation, 47.) Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.</ref><ref>Jorden, Eleanor Harz. 1963. Beginning Japanese, Part 1. (Yale Linguistic Series, 5.) New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> Other languages represented in the region, such as [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] belong to language families that do not contain any tonality as defined here. In South Asia tonal languages are rare, but some [[Indo-Aryan languages]] have tonality, including [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]], and [[Dogri language|Dogri]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1999|isbn= 978-3-11-014388-1|editor1-last=Lust|editor1-first=Barbara|page=637|editor2-last=Wali|editor2-first= Kashi|editor3-last=Gair|editor3-first=James|editor4-last= Subbarao|editor4-first =K. V.|display-editors= 3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gurmuki.htm|title= Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ/پنجابی)|editor-last= Ager|editor-first= Simon|website= Omniglot|access-date= January 30, 2015|archive-date= 2011-04-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429180826/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gurmuki.htm|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/Crulp_report/CR02_21E.pdf|title=Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi|last= Karamat|first=Nayyara|publisher= Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing|access-date=January 30, 2015|archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204619/http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/Crulp_report/CR02_21E.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Crossing Boundaries|last=Sen|first=Geeti|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year= 1997 |isbn=978-81-250-1341-9|page= 132 |quote=Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing answer.}}</ref> [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]],<ref>{{citation|last1=Raychoudhury|first1=Priti|last2=Mahanta|first2=Shakuntala|title=The three way tonal system of Sylheti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341623819_The_three_way_tonal_system_of_Sylheti|year=2020}}</ref> [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], [[Noakhali language|Noakhailla]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]] as well as the [[Eastern Bengali]] dialects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pal|first=Animesh K.|date=1965|title= Phonemes of a Dacca Dialect of Eastern Bengali and the Importance of Tone|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|volume=VII|pages= 44–45 |quote= The tonal element in Panjabi as well as in Eastern Bengali has been noticed in respect of various new ways of treating the voiced aspirates and 'h'.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Masica|first= Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year=1991|publisher= Cambridge University Press|page=102|quote= Glottalization is often connected with tone and in the East Bengali cases seem to be related to the evolution of tone from the voiced aspirates.}}</ref>