Editing Tokyo (section)

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transport in Greater Tokyo}}
[[File:Shibuya Crossing, Aerial.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Shibuya Crossing]] symbolizes the hustle and bustle of Tokyo.]]
Tokyo, which is the center of the [[Greater Tokyo Area]], is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of "clean and efficient"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html |title=A Country Study: Japan |access-date=October 24, 2007 |at=Chapter 2, Neighborhood |publisher=The Library of Congress |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526060143/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html |archive-date=May 26, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://planetyze.com/en/japan/tokyo/orientation|title=Orientation – Tokyo Travel Guide {{!}} Planetyze|website=Planetyze|language=en|access-date=July 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041354/https://planetyze.com/en/japan/tokyo/orientation|archive-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shibuya Crossing]] is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.<ref name="asahi_2016-04-22">{{Cite news |script-title=ja:【東京はてな】 渋谷交差点、1回で3千人横断? |author=井上恵一朗 |script-newspaper=ja:[[朝日新聞]] |date=April 22, 2016 |page=29}}</ref><ref name="cnn_2019-08-25">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.co.jp/travel/35141167.html |script-title=ja:渋谷スクランブル交差点——世界で最もワイルドな交差点にようこそ |website=CNN.co.jp |date=August 25, 2019 |access-date=September 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923015639/https://www.cnn.co.jp/travel/35141167.html |archive-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-world-s-busiest-pedestrian-crossing.html|title=The World's Busiest Pedestrian Crossing|website=WorldAtlas|date=March 5, 2018|language=en|access-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812012537/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-world-s-busiest-pedestrian-crossing.html |archive-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
{{multiple image
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| header            = 
| image1            = JR東日本在来線.jpg
| caption1          = [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] operates the largest commuter train network in Tokyo as well as intercity services.
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| caption3          = 
| image2            = JR Series-N700S-J30 Nozomi-4.jpg
| caption2          = The [[Shinkansen]] connects major cities around the country to Tokyo.
}}
Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chorus |first1=Paul |title=Transit Oriented Development: Making it Happen |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-00732-6 |pages=245–258 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fmXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |language=en |chapter=Transit oriented development in Tokyo |access-date=March 3, 2022 |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724235119/https://books.google.com/books?id=8fmXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the [[Yamanote Line]] loop that circles central Tokyo. It operates rail lines throughout the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and the rest of northeastern Honshu. JR East is also responsible for the [[Shinkansen]] high-speed rail lines that link Tokyo and the Northeastern cities of Japan ([[Jōetsu Shinkansen|Joetsu Shinkansen]], [[Tōhoku Shinkansen|Tohoku/Hokkaido Shinkansen]], [[Yamagata Shinkansen]], [[Akita Shinkansen]], [[Hokuriku Shinkansen]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train & Routes {{!}} JR-EAST |url=https://www.jreast.co.jp/multi/en/traininformation/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=JR-EAST - East Japan Railway Company |language=en |archive-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519182505/https://www.jreast.co.jp/multi/en/traininformation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Tokaido Shinkansen]], which links Tokyo and [[Osaka]] via [[Nagoya]] and [[Kyoto]], as well as western cities beyond, is operated by [[Central Japan Railway Company|JR Central]]. The [[Chūō Shinkansen|Chuo Shinkansen]], the first-ever long-distance high-speed floating maglev line currently under construction, will also be operated by JR Central. Both JR companies were created from the privatization of [[Japanese National Railways|Japan National Railways]] in 1987. [[Japan Freight Railway Company|JR Freight]] does not own any part of the railway network but operates freight trains on the [[Japan Railways Group|JR network]].
Two different entities operate Tokyo's underground railway network: the privatized [[Tokyo Metro]], which operates Tokyo Metro lines, and the governmental [[Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation]], which operates Toei lines. Tokyo Metro is entirely owned by the [[Government of Japan|Japanese Government]] and the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government]] since it was privatized in 2004 (it was previously a public entity called the ''Imperial Capital Rapid Transit Authority'' from 1941 to 2004), but it is scheduled to go public in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=Tokyo Metro is scheduled to go public in 2024; the government is selling 50% of the shares it has |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKZO78016940W4A120C2MM8000/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=[[The Nikkei]] |language=ja |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526092737/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKZO78016940W4A120C2MM8000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major railway operators in Tokyo include [[Odakyu Electric Railway|Odakyu]], [[Tokyu Corporation|Tokyu]], [[Keio Corporation|Keio]], [[Seibu Railway|Seibu]], [[Tobu Railway|Tobu]], and [[Keisei Electric Railway|Keisei]]. Although each operator directly owns its railway lines, services that travel across different lines owned by different operators are common.

Tokyo once had an extensive tram network, with a total distance of 213&nbsp;km (''[[Tokyo Toden]]''). However, similar to other major cities worldwide, the age of motorization since the 1950s made it considered unfit to share busy roads with cars. Today, only one line, the [[Toden Arakawa Line|Arakawa line]], remains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-19 |title=Remembering "Toden" |url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/233836 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=東洋経済オンライン |language=ja |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526092743/https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/233836 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Roads ===
[[File:Shuto expressway harumi jct.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Shuto Expressway]] near [[Harumi, Tokyo|Harumi]]]]
Tokyo has the lowest car ownership rate among all prefectures in Japan, with 0.416 cars per household compared to the national average of 1.025 per household. This is despite Tokyo being one of the most affluent areas in the country, with a nominal GDP per capita of around US$75,000.<ref>[https://www.airia.or.jp/publish/file/r5c6pv0000013e5h-att/kenbetsu2023.pdf The Average Household owns 1.025 cars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526092738/https://www.airia.or.jp/publish/file/r5c6pv0000013e5h-att/kenbetsu2023.pdf |date=May 26, 2024 }}. (in Japanese). Automobile Inspection and Registration Information Association. August 17, 2023.</ref> A 2021 survey found that 81% of respondents without a car were satisfied with public transport and saw no need to own one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=Why is the car ownership rate so low in Tokyo? |url=https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20211101-2174489/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=マイナビニュース |language=ja |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526092742/https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20211101-2174489/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Each road in Tokyo falls into one of the following categories depending on the type of ownership: private roads, municipal roads, metropolitan roads, and expressways. As of April 1, 2022, the total length of roads in Tokyo is approximately 24,741&nbsp;km (including 2,370&nbsp;km of metropolitan roads), with a total area of approximately 190.31&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (including 46.30&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of metropolitan roads).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Roads |url=https://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jigyo/road/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.lg.jp |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526092743/https://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jigyo/road/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Intercity expressways in and around Tokyo are managed by [[East Nippon Expressway Company|NEXCO East]], while expressways that serve only within the Greater Tokyo Area ([[Shuto Expressway]]) are operated by the Metropolitan Expressway Company.  Tolls are collected based on the distance travelled. The total length of the Shuto Expressway is 337.8&nbsp;km, with speed limits usually set at 80&nbsp;km/h or 60&nbsp;km/h to reduce noise pollution and accommodate the relatively winding road shapes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=交通タイムス社 |date=2022-12-16 |title=Why do we have to run so slowly on Shuto Expressway? |url=https://www.webcartop.jp/2022/12/1015764/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=WEB CARTOP |language=ja |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001021/https://www.webcartop.jp/2022/12/1015764/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Aviation ===
[[File:Tokyo-International-Airport Satellite.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Aerial view of [[Haneda Airport]]]]
The mainland portion of Tokyo is served by two international airports: [[Haneda Airport]] in [[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]] and [[Narita International Airport]] in neighboring [[Chiba Prefecture]]. Haneda has served as the primary airport for Tokyo since 1931. However, the Jet Age saw an exponential increase in flights, prompting the government to build a second airport. Narita was chosen as the site for this second airport in 1966, but local farmers and left-wing activists who sympathized with them protested vehemently for more than a decade (the [[Sanrizuka Struggle]]), delaying the new airport's opening until 1978. Almost all international flights were transferred to Narita Airport upon its completion, and Haneda became primarily a domestic airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=45 years since the opening of Narita Airport and the fading memory of the Sanrizuka struggle {{!}} JBpress |url=https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/77169 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=JBpress（日本ビジネスプレス） |language=ja |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725000941/https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/77169 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The situation changed when it was decided to expand Haneda Airport and build new runways in 2001. The new runway, Runway D, was constructed partly as a pier-like structure rather than a landfilled structure to avoid obstructing the flow of water in the bay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of Haneda's Runway D |url=https://www.penta-ocean.co.jp/business/project/pj_story/024.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.penta-ocean.co.jp |archive-date=June 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629030441/https://www.penta-ocean.co.jp/business/project/pj_story/024.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its opening in 2010 marked the return of international flights to Haneda, which is much closer to central Tokyo. In 2023, Haneda handled 17.9 million international passengers and 60.8 million domestic passengers,<ref>{{Cite web |title=旅客ターミナル利用実績{{pipe}}日本空港ビルデング株式会社 |url=https://www.tokyo-airport-bldg.co.jp/result/index.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=日本空港ビルデング株式会社 |language=ja |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301083220/https://www.tokyo-airport-bldg.co.jp/result/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while Narita was used by 25.4 million international passengers and 7.7 million domestic passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=空港の運用状況 {{!}} 成田国際空港株式会社 |url=https://www.naa.jp/jp/airport/unyou.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=www.naa.jp |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716003311/https://www.naa.jp/jp/airport/unyou.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2023 survey, Haneda is the fifth [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic]].

[[Hachijō-jima]] ([[Hachijojima Airport]]), [[Kōzu-shima]] ([[Kōzushima Airport]]), [[Miyakejima]] ([[Miyakejima Airport]]), [[Nii-jima]] ([[Niijima Airport]]), and [[Izu Ōshima]] ([[Oshima Airport]]), located on the [[Izu Islands]], which are governed by the Tokyo Metropolis have services to Haneda and the [[Chōfu Airport]] located in [[Chōfu]].

=== Water transport ===
{{multiple image
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| header            = 
| image1            = MOL Majesty (ship, 2009) 001.jpg
| caption1          = A [[Mitsui O.S.K. Lines]] container ship at the [[Port of Tokyo]]
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| caption3          = 
| image2            = SEVENISLANDTOMO.JPG
| caption2          = A [[Boeing 929 Jetfoil|Jetfoil]] operated by the [[Tōkai Kisen]], which serves between Tokyo and the [[Izu Islands]]
}}

Water transport is the primary means of importing and exporting goods as well as connecting the [[Tokyo Islands]] to the mainland. According to [[Lloyd's List]], the [[Port of Tokyo]] handled 4,430,000 TEU of containers in 2022, making it the 46th largest port in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=46 Tokyo (Japan) |url=https://lloydslist.com/LL1145417/46-Tokyo-Japan |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Lloyd's List |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210171631/https://lloydslist.com/LL1145417/46-Tokyo-Japan |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greater Tokyo Area is served by other major ports such as the [[Port of Yokohama]] and the [[Port of Chiba]] as well. 
Takeshiba Pier (竹芝埠頭) in [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]] is used by [[Tōkai Kisen]], which serves islands such as [[Izu Ōshima]], [[Miyake-jima|Miyakejima]], [[Hachijō-jima|Hachijojima]], [[Kōzu-shima|Kozushima]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Route Map {{!}} Tokai Kisen Co., Ltd. {{!}} Travel and Tours to the Izu Islands |url=https://www.tokaikisen.co.jp/en/ourship/searoute/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Tokai Kisen Co., Ltd. {{!}} Travel and Tours to the Izu Islands |language=en |archive-date=June 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621135801/https://www.tokaikisen.co.jp/en/ourship/searoute/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Ogasawara Kaiun, which serves the [[Bonin Islands|Ogasawara Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OgasawaraKaiun Co., Ltd. |url=https://www.ogasawarakaiun.co.jp/english/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=OgasawaraKaiun Co., Ltd. |language=en |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001014/https://www.ogasawarakaiun.co.jp/english/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of these islands are accessible only by ocean routes and helicopters, as they are too small or undulating for a landing ground, making these ships the primary means of inter-island transport. There are ferry routes that connect landmarks within the mainland portion of Tokyo as well; the [[Tokyo Cruise Ship]] and the [[Tokyo Mizube Line]] operate several routes between tourist attractions such as [[Asakusa]], [[Hama-rikyū Gardens|Hamarikyu]], [[Odaiba]], and Shinagawa Aquarium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediscover Tokyo from the water {{!}} TOKYO CRUISE SHIP |url=https://www.suijobus.co.jp/en/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=【公式】東京都観光汽船（TOKYO CRUISE） |language=en |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001031/https://www.suijobus.co.jp/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Symphony Cruise operates two large restaurant ships that can also be hired as party venues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=クルージングのご予約{{pipe}}東京湾クルージングレストランのシンフォニー |url=https://www.symphony-cruise.co.jp/reserve/calendar-english/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=東京湾クルージングレストランのシンフォニー |language=ja |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226014038/https://www.symphony-cruise.co.jp/reserve/calendar-english/ |url-status=live }}</ref>