Editing Tokamak (section)

== Experimental tokamaks ==
{{see also|List of fusion experiments#Tokamak}}

=== Currently in operation ===
<small> (in chronological order of start of operations) </small>
[[File:Tcv int.jpg|thumb|The [[Tokamak à configuration variable|Tokamak à Configuration Variable]]]]
*1960s: TM1-MH (since 1977 as Castor; since 2007 as Golem<ref name=golem>{{cite web|url=http://golem.fjfi.cvut.cz|title=GOLEM @ FJFI.CVUT|author=Vojtěch Kusý|website=cvut.cz}}</ref>) in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]]. In operation in [[Kurchatov Institute]] since the early 1960s but renamed to Castor in 1977 and moved to IPP CAS,<ref name=cas>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipp.cas.cz/Tokamak/|title=Tokamak Department, Institute of Plasma Physics|website=cas.cz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901115841/http://www.ipp.cas.cz/Tokamak/|archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> Prague. In 2007 moved to FNSPE, [[Czech Technical University in Prague]] and renamed to Golem.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://golem.fjfi.cvut.cz:5001/Introduction/History/GOLEM%20History |title = History of Golem |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130217030814/http://golem.fjfi.cvut.cz:5001/Introduction/History/GOLEM%20History |archive-date = 17 February 2013 |access-date = 14 January 2013 }}</ref>
* 1975: [[T-10 (tokamak)|T-10]], in [[Kurchatov Institute]], [[Moscow]], Russia (formerly [[Soviet Union]]); 2 MW
* 1986: [[DIII-D]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenstermacher |first1=M.E. |last2=Abbate |first2=J. |last3=Abe |first3=S.|display-authors=1|title=DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy |journal=Nuclear Fusion |date=2022 |volume=62 |issue=4|page=042024|doi=10.1088/1741-4326/ac2ff2 |bibcode=2022NucFu..62d2024F |s2cid=244608556 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ac2ff2|hdl=1721.1/147629 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> in [[San Diego]], United States; operated by [[General Atomics]] since the late 1980s
* 1987: [[Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)|STOR-M]], [[University of Saskatchewan]], Canada; its predecessor, STOR1-M built in 1983, was used for the first demonstration of alternating current in a tokamak.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=A.K. |last2=Morelli |first2=J. |last3=Xiao |first3=C. |last4=Mitarai |first4=O. |last5=Hirose |first5=A. |title=Investigation of Plasma Equilibrium in the Saskatchewan Torus-Modified (STOR-M) during Alternating Current Operation |journal=Contributions to Plasma Physics |date=2006 |volume=46 |issue=10 |page=773 |doi=10.1002/ctpp.200610077 |bibcode=2006CoPP...46..773S |s2cid=123466788 |url= |access-date=}}</ref>
* 1988: [[Tore Supra]],<ref name=ToreSupra>[http://www-drfc.cea.fr/gb/cea/ts/ts.htm Tore Supra] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115112229/http://www-drfc.cea.fr/gb/cea/ts/ts.htm |date=15 November 2012 }}</ref> but renamed to WEST in 2016, at the [[Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique|CEA]], [[Cadarache]], France
* 1989: [[Aditya (tokamak)|Aditya]], at [[Institute for Plasma Research]] (IPR) in [[Gujarat]], India
* 1989: [[COMPASS tokamak|COMPASS]],<ref name=cas/> in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]]; in operation since 2008, previously operated from 1989 to 1999 in Culham, United Kingdom
* 1990: [[Frascati Tokamak Upgrade|FTU]],<ref name=FTU>{{cite web|url=http://www.fusione.enea.it/FTU/index.html.en|title=ENEA-Fusion: FTU|first=Giuseppe|last=EMazzitelli|website=www.fusione.enea.it|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104175759/http://www.fusione.enea.it/FTU/index.html.en}}</ref> in [[Frascati]], Italy
* 1991: [[ISTTOK]],<ref name=Isttok>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfn.ist.utl.pt/eng/Prj_Tokamak_main_1.html#intro|title=Centro de Fusão Nuclear|website=utl.pt|access-date=24 February 2008|archive-date=7 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307154259/http://www.cfn.ist.utl.pt/eng/Prj_Tokamak_main_1.html#intro}}</ref> at the [[Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal
[[File:NSTX.jpg|thumb|Outside view of the [[National Spherical Torus Experiment|NSTX]] reactor]]
* 1991: [[ASDEX Upgrade]], in [[Garching bei München|Garching]], Germany
* 1992: [[H-1NF]] (H-1 National Plasma Fusion Research Facility)<ref name=h1nf>[http://h1nf.anu.edu.au/media/pdfs/Blackwell_AIP_fusion_article_draft_6-1.pdf Fusion Research: Australian Connections, Past and Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313171528/http://h1nf.anu.edu.au/media/pdfs/Blackwell_AIP_fusion_article_draft_6-1.pdf |date=13 March 2018 }} B. D. Blackwell, M.J. Hole, J. Howard and J. O'Connor</ref> based on the H-1 Heliac device built by Australia National University's plasma physics group and in operation since 1992
* 1992: [[Tokamak à configuration variable]] (TCV), at the Swiss Plasma Center, [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]], Switzerland
* 1993: HBT-EP Tokamak, at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]]<ref name=HBTEP>{{cite thesis |title=Passive-stabilization-of-MHD-instabilities at high βn in the HBT-EP Tokamak|first=David |last=Gates |year=1993 |s2cid=117710767 |doi=10.2172/10104897}}</ref>
* 1994: [[Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien|TCABR]], at the [[University of São Paulo]], [[São Paulo]], Brazil; this tokamak was transferred from CRPP (now Swiss Plasma Center) in Switzerland
* 1996: [[Pegasus Toroidal Experiment]]<ref name=Pegasus>{{cite web|url=http://pegasus.ep.wisc.edu/|title=Pegasus Toroidal Experiment|website=wisc.edu}}</ref> at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]; in operation since the late 1990s
* 1999: [[National Spherical Torus Experiment|NSTX]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]]
* 1999: Globus-M in [[Ioffe Institute]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
* 2000: [[ETE (tokamak)|ETE]] at the [[National Institute for Space Research]], [[São Paulo]], Brazil
* 2002: [[HL-2A]], in [[Chengdu]], China
* 2006: [[Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak|EAST]] (HT-7U), in [[Hefei]], at The [[Hefei Institutes of Physical Science]], China ([[ITER]] member)
* 2007: [[Q-shu University Experiment with Steady-State Spherical Tokamak|QUEST]], in [[Fukuoka]], JAPAN https://www.triam.kyushu-u.ac.jp/QUEST_HP/suben/history.html
* 2008: [[KSTAR]], in [[Daejon]], South Korea ([[ITER]] member)
* 2012: Medusa CR, in [[Cartago, Costa Rica|Cartago]], at the [[Costa Rica Institute of Technology]], [[Costa Rica]]
* 2012: [[SST-1 (tokamak)|SST-1]], in [[Gandhinagar]], at the [[Institute for Plasma Research]], India ([[ITER]] member)
* 2012: IR-T1, [[Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran]], [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pprc.srbiau.ac.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27:tokamak&catid=5:research-advanced-labs&Itemid=20 |title=Tokamak |publisher=Pprc.srbiau.ac.ir |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref>
* 2015: ST25-HTS at [[Tokamak Energy]] Ltd in [[Culham]], United Kingdom
* 2017: KTM – this is an experimental thermonuclear facility for research and testing of materials under energy load conditions close to ITER and future energy fusion reactors, Kazakhstan
* 2018: ST40 at [[Tokamak Energy]] Ltd in [[Oxford]], United Kingdom
* 2020: [[HL-2M]] [[China National Nuclear Corporation]] and the Southwestern Institute of Physics, China
* 2020: [[Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak#History|MAST Upgrade]], in [[Culham]], United Kingdom
* 2023: [[JT-60|JT-60SA]], in [[Naka, Ibaraki|Naka]], Japan ([[ITER]] member); upgraded from the JT-60.
* 2024: [[HH70]], China

=== Previously operated ===
[[File:Alcator C control room.jpg|thumb|The control room of the Alcator C tokamak at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Plasma Science and Fusion Center, in about 1982–1983.]]
* 1960s: [[T-3 (tokamak)|T-3]] and [[T-4 (tokamak)|T-4]], in [[Kurchatov Institute]], Moscow, Russia (formerly Soviet Union); T-4 in operation in 1968.
* 1963: [[LT-1]], Australia National University's plasma physics group built a device to explore toroidal configurations, independently discovering the tokamak layout
* 1970: [[Stellarator C]] reopens as the Symmetric Tokamak in May at PPPL
* 1971–1980: [[Texas Turbulent Tokamak]], [[University of Texas at Austin]], US
* 1972: The [[Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor]] begins operation at PPPL
* 1973–1976: [[Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses]] (TFR), near Paris, France
* 1973–1979: Alcator A, MIT, US
* 1975: [[Princeton Large Torus]] begins operation at PPPL
* 1978–1987: Alcator C, MIT, US
* 1978–2013: [[Forschungszentrum Jülich#TEXTOR tokamak|TEXTOR]], in [[Jülich]], Germany
* 1979–1998: MT-1 Tokamak, Budapest, Hungary (Built at the Kurchatov Institute, Russia, transported to Hungary in 1979, rebuilt as MT-1M in 1991)
* 1980–1990: Tokoloshe Tokamak, Atomic Energy Board, South Africa<ref>{{Cite journal |bibcode=1979SAJSc..75..155D |title=Tokoloshe - the South African Tokamak |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=75 |page=155 |last1=De Villiers |first1=J. A. M. |last2=Hayzen |first2=A. J. |last3=Omahony |first3=J. R. |last4=Roberts |first4=D. E. |last5=Sherwell |first5=D. |year=1979}}</ref>
* 1980–2004: TEXT/TEXT-U, [[University of Texas at Austin]], US
* 1982–1997: [[TFTR]], [[Princeton University]], US
* 1983–2023: [[Joint European Torus]] (JET), in [[Culham]], United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crepaz |first=Leah |date=2023-12-20 |title=Pioneering JET delivers final plasma |url=https://ccfe.ukaea.uk/pioneering-jet-delivers-final-plasma/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Culham Centre for Fusion Energy |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 1983–2000: [[Novillo Tokamak]],<ref name="Novillo">{{cite journal |display-authors=4 |vauthors=Ramos J, de Urquijo J, Meléndez L, Muñoz C, Barocio D, Chávez A, Balderas E, Godinez D, Valencia A |title=Diseño del Tokamak Novillo |journal=Rev. Mex. Fís. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=551–592 |year=1983 |language=es |url=http://rmf.smf.mx/pdf/rmf/29/4/29_4_551.pdf |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808040124/http://rmf.smf.mx/pdf/rmf/29/4/29_4_551.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> at the [[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares]], in [[Mexico City]], Mexico
* 1984–1992: HL-1 Tokamak, in [[Chengdu]], China
* 1985–2010: [[JT-60]], in [[Naka, Ibaraki|Naka]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture]], Japan; (Being upgraded 2015–2018 to Super, Advanced model)
* 1987–1999: Tokamak de Varennes; [[Varennes, Quebec|Varennes]], Canada; operated by [[Hydro-Québec]] and used by researchers from ''[[IREQ|Institut de recherche en électricité du Québec]]'' (IREQ) and the ''Institut national de la recherche scientifique'' (INRS)
* 1988–2005: [[T-15 (reactor)|T-15]], in [[Kurchatov Institute]], Moscow, Russia (formerly Soviet Union); 10 MW
* 1991–1998: [[Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak|START]], in [[Culham]], United Kingdom
* 1990s–2001: [[COMPASS tokamak|COMPASS]], in Culham, United Kingdom
* 1994–2001: HL-1M Tokamak, in [[Chengdu]], China
* 1999–2006: [[Electric Tokamak|UCLA Electric Tokamak]], in [[Los Angeles]], US
* 1999–2014: [[Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak|MAST]], in [[Culham]], United Kingdom
* 1992–2016: [[Alcator C-Mod]],<ref name="Alcator">{{cite web|url=http://www.psfc.mit.edu/research/alcator/|title=MIT Plasma Science & Fusion Center: research>alcator>|website=mit.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709210155/http://www.psfc.mit.edu/research/alcator/|archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], US
* 1995–2013: [[HT-7]], at the [[Institute of Plasma Physics]], [[Hefei]], China<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's HT-7 retires after 11,800 plasma shots |url=http://www.iter.org/newsline/270/1616 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=ITER |date=4 June 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Planned ===
[[File:Iter aerial 2017 Halfway to first plasma (45588568915).jpg|thumb|ITER, currently under construction, will be the largest tokamak by far.]]
* [[ITER]], international project in [[Cadarache]], France; 500 MW; construction began in 2010, first plasma expected in 2025. Expected fully operational by 2035.<ref>{{cite news|title=ITER & Beyond. The Phases of ITER |newspaper=Iter |url=http://www.iter.org/proj/iterandbeyond |access-date=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922162049/http://www.iter.org/proj/iterandbeyond|archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>
* [[DEMOnstration Power Plant|DEMO]]; 2000 MW, continuous operation, connected to power grid. Planned successor to ITER; construction to begin in 2040 according to EUROfusion 2018 timetable.
* [[CFETR]], also known as "China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor"; 200 MW; Next generation Chinese fusion reactor, is a new tokamak device.<ref>{{cite conference |conference=2nd IAEA DEMO Programme Workshop |last=Gao |first=X. |collaboration=CFETR team |title=Update on CFETR Concept Design |date=Dec 17–20, 2013 |location=Vienna, Austria |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM45256/talks/Gao.pdf |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330120409/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM45256/talks/Gao.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.06.008 | volume=88 | issue=11 | title=Concept design of CFETR superconducting magnet system based on different maintenance ports | journal=[[Fusion Engineering and Design]] | pages=2960–2966| year=2013 |display-authors=4 | last1=Zheng | first1=Jinxing | last2=Liu | first2=Xufeng | last3=Song | first3=Yuntao | last4=Wan | first4=Yuanxi | last5=Li | first5=Jiangang | last6=Wu | first6=Sontao | last7=Wan | first7=Baonian | last8=Ye | first8=Minyou | last9=Wei | first9=Jianghua | last10=Xu | first10=Weiwei | last11=Liu | first11=Sumei | last12=Weng | first12=Peide | last13=Lu | first13=Kun | last14=Luo | first14=Zhengping | bibcode=2013FusED..88.2960Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Yun Tao |last=Song |s2cid=24159256 |year=2014 |title=Concept Design of CFETR Tokamak Machine |journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1109/TPS.2014.2299277 |display-authors=etal |bibcode=2014ITPS...42..503S }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Minyou|last=Ye|date=26 March 2013|url=http://aries.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/1302-USJ-PPS/Ye.pdf|title=Status of design and strategy for CFETR|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125075902/http://aries.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/1302-USJ-PPS/Ye.pdf}}</ref>
* K-DEMO in South Korea; 2200–3000 MW, a net electric generation on the order of 500 MW is planned; construction is targeted by 2037.<ref name="KimIm2015">{{cite journal|display-authors=4| last1=Kim| first1=K.| last2=Im| first2=K.| last3=Kim| first3=H.C.| last4=Oh| first4=S.| last5=Park |first5=J.S.| last6=Kwon| first6=S.| last7=Lee| first7=Y.S.| last8=Yeom| first8=J.H.| last9=Lee| first9=C.| last10=Lee| first10=G-S.| last11=Neilson| first11=G.| last12=Kessel| first12=C.| last13=Brown| first13=T.| last14=Titus| first14=P.| last15=Mikkelsen| first15=D.| last16=Zhai| first16=Y.| title=Design concept of K-DEMO for near-term implementation| journal=Nuclear Fusion| volume=55| issue=5| year=2015| page=053027| issn=0029-5515| doi=10.1088/0029-5515/55/5/053027| bibcode=2015NucFu..55e3027K| doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production]] (STEP), a UK project planning to produce a burning plasma by 2035.
* [[SPARC (tokamak)|SPARC]] a development of [[Commonwealth Fusion Systems]] (CFS) in collaboration with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) [[MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center|Plasma Science and Fusion Center]] (PSFC) in [[Devens, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chesto |first=Jon |date=2021-03-03 |title=MIT energy startup homes in on fusion, with plans for 47-acre site in Devens |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/03/business/mit-energy-startup-homes-fusion-with-plans-47-acre-site-devens/ |access-date=2021-03-03 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Verma, Pranshu. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/08/26/nuclear-fusion-technology-climate-change/ Nuclear fusion power inches closer to reality.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827165948/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/08/26/nuclear-fusion-technology-climate-change/|date=27 August 2022}} The Washington Post, August 26, 2022.</ref> Expected to achieve energy gain in 2026 with a fraction of ITERs size by utilizing high magnetic fields.