Editing Shiva (section)

=== Buddhism ===
[[File:Tibetan thangka from AD 1500, Mahakala, Protector of the Tent, Central Tibet. Distemper on cloth- (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Mahakala]], {{Circa|1500 CE}} Tibetan Thangka]]
Shiva is mentioned in the [[Buddhist Tantras]] and worshipped as the fierce deity [[Mahākāla]] in [[Vajrayana]], [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism|Chinese Esoteric]], and [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Bryson |author-first=Megan |year=2017 |chapter=Between China and Tibet: Mahākāla Worship and Esoteric Buddhism in the Dali Kingdom |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz-9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA402 |editor1-last=Bentor |editor1-first=Yael |editor2-last=Shahar |editor2-first=Meir |title=Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Studies on East Asian Religions |volume=1 |pages=402–428 |doi=10.1163/9789004340503_019 |isbn=978-9004340497 |issn=2452-0098 |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132129/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz-9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA402#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In the cosmologies of Buddhist Tantras, Shiva is depicted as passive, with Shakti being his active counterpart: Shiva as ''[[Prajñā (Buddhism)|Prajña]]'' and Shakti as ''[[Upaya|Upāya]]''.<ref name="Kalupahana 2001">{{cite book |last=Kalupahana |first=David J. |author-link=David Kalupahana |year=2001 |orig-year=1991 |chapter=Integration of Sūtra and Tantra: Śiva, Śakti interpreted as ''Prajña'', ''Upāya'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_FJcRDXhfQC&pg=PA95 |title=Buddhist Thought and Ritual |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=95 |isbn=978-8120817739 |oclc=487199178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aWyaaw9pC0C&pg=PA43 | title=What Is Tantric Practice? | author=Barnaby B. Dhs | page=43 |access-date=13 October 2013| isbn=978-1465330093 | date=2006| publisher=Xlibris Corporation }}</ref>

In [[Mahayana Buddhism]], Shiva is depicted as [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Maheshvara]], a deva living in [[Akaniṣṭha|Akanishta Devaloka]]. In [[Theravada Buddhism]], Shiva is depicted as [[Ishana]], a deva residing in the 6th heaven of [[Kamadhatu]] along with [[Sakra (Buddhism)|Sakra Indra]]. In [[Vajrayana Buddhism]], Shiva is depicted as [[Mahakala]], a dharma protecting [[Bodhisattva]]. In most forms of Buddhism, the position of Shiva is lesser than that of [[Mahabrahma]] or [[Sakra (Buddhism)|Sakra Indra]]. In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Shiva (Maheshvara) becomes a buddha called Bhasmeshvara Buddha ("Buddha of ashes").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Ronald M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |date=18 December 2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50102-6 |page=151 |language=en}}</ref>

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| image1            = Cave 77 Left corridor decorative band (detai).jpg
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| image2            = Cave 189 painting, Kizil.jpg
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| footer            = Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in [[Kizil Caves]], [[Xinjiang]], China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image
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In [[China]] and [[Taiwan]], Shiva, better known there as [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Maheśvara]] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 大自在天; [[pinyin]]: Dàzìzàitiān; or [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 摩醯首羅天 [[pinyin]]: Móxīshǒuluótiān) is considered one of the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty Devas]]'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 二十諸天, [[pinyin]]: Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Devas]]'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 二十四諸天, [[pinyin]]: Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are a group of ''[[dharmapala]]s'' that manifest to protect the Buddhist dharma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538|title=A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|first1=Lewis|last1=Hodous|first2=William Edward|last2=Soothill|isbn=0203641868|location=London|oclc=275253538|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131029/https://search.worldcat.org/title/275253538|url-status=live}}</ref> Statues of him are often enshrined in the [[Mahavira Hall]]s of [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Buddhist]] [[Buddhist temple|temples]] along with the other ''[[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]]''. In [[Kizil Caves]] in [[Xinjiang]], there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Kieschnick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ |title=India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought |author2=Meir Shahar |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8122-4560-8 |pages=79–80 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329150333/https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumāra |first=Braja Bihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lJI9avHstYC |title=India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-457-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Junghee |date=1993 |title=The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250524 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=53 |issue=3/4 |pages=311–357 |doi=10.2307/3250524 |jstor=3250524 |issn=0004-3648}}</ref> In addition, he is also regarded as one of thirty-three manifestations of [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokitesvara]] in the [[Lotus Sutra]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson, Burton|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/247391640|title=The lotus sutra|date=1999|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=8170306337|oclc=247391640|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132118/https://search.worldcat.org/title/247391640|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist cosmology]], Maheśvara resides in [[Akaniṣṭha]], highest of the Śuddhāvāsa ("[[Pure Abodes]]") wherein [[Anāgāmi]] ("Non-returners") who are already on the path to [[Arhat]]hood and who will attain enlightenment are born. 

[[Daikokuten]], one of the [[Seven Lucky Gods]] in [[Japan]], is considered to be evolved from Shiva. The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jeremy|last=Roberts|title=Japanese Mythology A to Z|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdfgjV2kw6oC|isbn=978-1438128023}}</ref> The name is the Japanese equivalent of [[Mahākāla]], the Buddhist name for Shiva.<ref>{{cite book|first=Pratapaditya|last=Pal|title=Indian Sculpture: 700–1800|publisher=Los Angeles County Museum of Art|page=180}}</ref>

{{gallery
|title = Shiva has been [[Syncretism|merged]] with [[Deva (Buddhism)|Buddhist deities]] in [[East Asia]]n Buddhism
|mode = nolines
|align = center
|File:Daikoku.jpg|[[Daikokuten]] is a Shiva-[[Ōkuninushi]] fusion deity in [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald Morse|title=Folk Legends from Tono: Japan's Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkmwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442248236|page=131}}</ref>
|File:2016 Singapur, Chinatown, Świątynia i Muzeum Relikwi Zęba Buddy (30).jpg|[[Acala]] is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both [[China]] and Japan<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Russell Coulter|author2=Patricia Turner|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA182 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135963903|page=182}}</ref>
|File:60523bb7ly1goo37whi2rj20u0140125.jpg|Statue of Shiva depicted as a [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Buddhist]] ''[[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]]'' on [[Mount Putuo]] Guanyin Dharma Realm in [[Zhejiang]], China
}}