Editing Second Sino-Japanese War (section)

==French Indochina==
{{See also|Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina}}
[[File:French retreat to China.jpg|thumb|[[Troupes coloniales|French colonial troops]] retreating to the Chinese border after the Japanese coup d'état in March 1945]]

The Chinese Kuomintang also supported the Vietnamese [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng]] (VNQDD) in its battle against French and Japanese imperialism. In [[Guangxi]], Chinese military leaders were organizing Vietnamese nationalists against the Japanese. The VNQDD had been active in Guangxi and some of their members had joined the KMT army.<ref name="William J. Duiker 1976 272">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd|title=The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941|author=William J. Duiker|year=1976|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=272|isbn=0-8014-0951-9}}</ref> Under the umbrella of KMT activities, a broad alliance of nationalists emerged. With Ho at the forefront, the [[Viet Minh|Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi]] (Vietnamese Independence League, usually known as the Viet Minh) was formed and based in the town of [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]].<ref name="William J. Duiker 1976 272"/> The pro-VNQDD nationalist Ho Ngoc Lam, a KMT army officer and former disciple of [[Phan Bội Châu]],{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} was named as the deputy of [[Phạm Văn Đồng]], later to be Ho's Prime Minister. The front was later broadened and renamed the Viet Nam Giai Phong Dong Minh (Vietnam Liberation League).<ref name="William J. Duiker 1976 272"/>

The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Chinese KMT General [[Zhang Fakui]] created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina, against the French and Japanese. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the [[Three Principles of the People]], created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna0000harr|url-access=registration|quote=Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd.|title=The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence|author=James P. Harrison|year=1989|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna0000harr/page/81 81]|isbn=0-231-06909-X|access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd|title=The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954|author=United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division|year=1982|publisher=Michael Glazier|page=56|isbn=9780894532870}}</ref> The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and [[Ho Chi Minh]] from entering the league, as Zhang's main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106|title=The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại|author=Oscar Chapuis|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood |page=106|isbn=0-313-31170-6}}</ref> The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.<ref name="William J. Duiker 1976 272"/> [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], through General Stilwell, privately made it clear that they preferred that the French not reacquire French Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek control of all of Indochina. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5YlBtzklvQC&pg=PA235|title=The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman|year=1985|publisher=Random House, Inc.|page=235|isbn=0-345-30823-9}}</ref>

After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General [[Lu Han (general)|Lu Han]] were sent by Chiang Kai-shek to northern Indochina (north of the 16th parallel) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there, and remained in Indochina until 1946, when the French returned.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americaswarinvie0000addi |url-access=registration |title=America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history|author=Larry H. Addington|year=2000|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/americaswarinvie0000addi/page/30 30]|isbn=0-253-21360-6}}</ref> The Chinese used the VNQDD, the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their influence in French Indochina and to put pressure on their opponents.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1t8-EjWyrgC&pg=PA119|title=Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6|author=Peter Neville|year=2007|publisher=Psychology Press|page=119|isbn=978-0-415-35848-4}}</ref> Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to maneuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh's forces against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement. In February 1946, he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and to renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for the Chinese withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region. Following France's agreement to these demands, the withdrawal of Chinese troops began in March 1946.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVNaoUu7veUC&pg=PA21|title=The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis|author=Van Nguyen Duong|year=2008|publisher=McFarland|page=21|isbn=978-0-7864-3285-1|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012013925/https://books.google.com/books?id=pVNaoUu7veUC&pg=PA21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1I4HOcmE4XQC&pg=PA41|title=Vietnam 1946: how the war began|author=Stein Tønnesson|year=2010|publisher=University of California Press|page=41|isbn=978-0-520-25602-6|access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQGqQ3LmExwC&pg=PA63|title=The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher|author=Elizabeth Jane Errington|year=1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=63|isbn=0-275-93560-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html|title=The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960|publisher=The History Place|year=1999|access-date=2010-12-28|archive-date=17 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217062228/http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html|url-status=live}}</ref>