Editing Russia (section)

=== Law, corruption and crime ===
{{Main|Law of Russia|Law enforcement in Russia|Crime in Russia|Corruption in Russia}}
Post-Soviet Russia under the regime of Vladimir Putin has been governed by a form of [[crony capitalism]].<ref name="crony">{{cite book|last=Åslund|first=Anders|year= 2019|title=Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy|pages=5–7|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-24486-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ledeneva |first=Alena |title=Cronies, Economic Crime and Capitalism in Putin's Sistema |journal=[[International Affairs]] |publisher=[[Chatham House]] |volume=88 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=149–157 |jstor=41428546}}</ref> Its political system has been variously described as a [[kleptocracy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fish |first=M. Steven |author-link=Steven Fish |title=What Has Russia Become? |jstor=26532689 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=50 |number=3 |date=April 2018 |pages=327–346 |publisher=[[City University of New York]] |location=New York City|doi=10.5129/001041518822704872 }}</ref> an [[oligarchy]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guriev|first1=Sergei|last2=Rachinsky|first2=Andrei|title=The Role of Oligarchs in Russian Capitalism|year=2005|volume=19|number=1|journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|pages=131–150|publisher=[[American Economic Association]]|doi=10.1257/0895330053147994 |jstor=4134996|s2cid=17653502 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and a [[plutocracy]].<ref name="crony"/> {{As of|2024}}, it is the lowest rated European country in [[Transparency International]]'s annual [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], ranking 154th out of the 180 countries listed.<ref>{{cite web |date= 11 February 2025|title=Corruptions Perceptions Index 2024 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024 |access-date=28 February 2025 |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> 
[[File:Alexei Navalny marching in 2017.jpg|thumb|Opposition leader [[Alexei Navalny]] leading protestors in Moscow in the nationwide [[2017–2018 Russian protests|anti-corruption protests of 2017–2018]]]]
Corruption has significantly increased following the collapse of the Soviet Union,<ref>{{cite web |author=Suhara, Manabu |title=Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf |publisher=[[Slavic-Eurasian Research Center]] |access-date=4 December 2015 }}</ref> and is seen as a significant issue in society.<ref name="markus">{{cite journal |last=Markus |first=Stanislav |title=Oligarchs and Corruption in Putin's Russia: Of Sand Castles and Geopolitical Volunteering |journal=[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]] |volume=18 |number=2 |year=2017 |pages=26-32 |jstor=26396016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption |url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/new-reports-highlight-russias-deep-seated-culture-corruption |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=26 January 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> It affects various sectors, including the economy,<ref name="markus"/> the [[Government of Russia|government]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Suhara, Manabu |title=Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf |publisher=[[Slavic-Eurasian Research Center]] |access-date=4 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Law enforcement in Russia|law enforcement]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerber |first1=Theodore P. |last2=Mendelson |first2=Sarah E. |author2-link=Sarah E. Mendelson |title=Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: A Case of Predatory Policing? |jstor=29734103 |journal=[[Law & Society Review]] |volume=42 |number=1 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |date=March 2008 |pages=1–44|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00333.x }}</ref> [[Healthcare in Russia|healthcare]],<ref>{{cite web |author1=Klara Sabirianova Peter |first2=Tetyana |last2=Zelenska |year=2010 |title=Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/corruption-pervades-russias-health-system/ |title=Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> [[Education in Russia|education]],<ref>{{cite web |first1=Elena |last1=Denisova-Schmidt |first2=Elvira |last2=Leontyeva |first3=Yaroslav |last3=Prytula |year=2014 |title=Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine |url=http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine |access-date=4 December 2015 |publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> and the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/corruption-russian-armed-forces|title=Corruption in the Russian Armed Forces|last1=Cranny-Evans|first1=Sam|last2=Ivshina|first2=Olga|date=12 May 2022|publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI)|location=[[Westminster]]|access-date=6 October 2022|quote=Corruption in the Russian armed forces, and society in general, has been a long-acknowledged truism.}}</ref> Russia's [[informal economy|shadow economy]] was estimated to be about 44% of the total GDP in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sauka |first1=Arnis |last2=Putniņš |first2=Tālis J. |title=Shadow Economy Index for Russia |url=https://www.sseriga.edu/shadow-economy-index-russia |publisher=[[Stockholm School of Economics in Riga]] |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> [[Russian penal military units during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Penal military units]] have been deployed as [[shock troops|storm troops]] during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War since 2022, such as the [[Storm-Z]] and [[Storm-V]] units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-recruited-convicts-fierce-assault-units-storm-gladiator-/32806371.html |title=Storm Gladiator: How Russia Uses Recruited Convicts To Fight In 'Fierce' Assault Units In Ukraine |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |last1=Belovodyev |first1=Daniil |last2=Systema |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67175566 |title=Ukraine war: Russia goes back to prisons to feed its war machine |work=[[BBC]] |last=Shevchenko |first=Vitaly |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> According to estimates by the BBC, around 48,000 prisoners were recruited to fight for the Wagner Group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1e7vl01gngo |title=Russia's soldiers bringing wartime violence back home |work=[[BBC]] |last=Shevchenko |first=Vitaly |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

The primary and fundamental statement of laws in Russia is the constitution. Statutes, such as the [[Russian Civil Code]] and the [[Russian Criminal Code]], are the predominant legal sources of Russian law.<ref>{{cite web | last=Partlett | first=William | title=Reclassifying Russian Law: Mechanisms, Outcomes, and Solutions for an Overly Politicized Field | website=Search eLibrary | date=7 July 2010 | ssrn=1197762 | url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1197762 | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=William E. |title=Criminal Code of the Russian Federation |year= 1999 |publisher=Springer}}</ref> Russia has the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|largest incarcerated population]] in Europe, and the fifth-largest incarcerated population in the world.<ref name="icjpr">{{cite web |url=https://www.icpr.org.uk/news-events/2024/prison-populations-continue-rise-many-parts-world-115-million-held-prisons |title=Prison populations continue to rise in many parts of the world, with 11.5 million held in prisons worldwide |work=Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research |publisher=[[Birkbeck, University of London]] |date=1 May 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> Its incarceration rate is among the highest in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |last=Adami |first=Marina |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-prison-population-data-incarceration/ |title=Turkey, Russia lead Europe's incarceration rates |work=[[Politico]] |date=8 April 2021 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> although the number has fallen steadily, by 59% since 2000.<ref name="icjpr" /> {{As of|2021}}, Russia's [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|intentional homicide rate]] stood at 6.8 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/vc-ihr-psrc-p5?gender=total |title=Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) |work=[[World Bank]] |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> In 2023, Russia had the world's second-largest illegal arms trade market, after the United States, was described as a key hub for human trafficking, and was ranked first in Europe and 19th globally in the [[Global Organized Crime Index]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Criminality in Russia | website=The Organized Crime Index | date=4 May 2023 | url=https://ocindex.net/country/russia | access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>