Editing Refugee (section)

====PTSD====
Apart from physical wounds or starvation, a large percentage of refugees develop symptoms of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD), and show post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lembcke H, Buchmuller T, Leyendecker B |title=Refugee mother-child dyads' hair cortisol, post-traumatic stress, and affectionate parenting |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |date=2020 |volume=111 |at=104470 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104470|pmid=31610408 |s2cid=203656224 }}</ref> or [[Clinical depression|depression]].<ref name="Baggio">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baggio S, Gonçalves L, Heeren A, Heller P, Gétaz L, Graf M, Rossegger A, Endrass J, Wolff H |title=The Mental Health Burden of Immigration Detention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Kriminologie |year=2020 |pages=219–233 |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.18716/ojs/krimoj/2020.2.7 |url=https://www.kriminologie.de/index.php/krimoj/article/view/58/58}}</ref> These long-term mental problems can severely impede the functionality of the person in everyday situations; it makes matters even worse for displaced persons who are confronted with a new environment and challenging situations.<ref name="Baggio"/> They are also at high risk for [[suicide]].{{sfn|Holloway|2002}}

Among other symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder involves [[anxiety (mood)|anxiety]], over-alertness, sleeplessness, motor difficulties, failing [[short term memory]], [[amnesia]], nightmares and sleep-paralysis. Flashbacks are characteristic to the disorder: the patient experiences the [[traumatic event (psychological)|traumatic event]], or pieces of it, again and again. Depression is also characteristic for PTSD-patients and may also occur without accompanying PTSD.

PTSD was diagnosed in 34.1% of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] children, most of whom were refugees, [[male]]s, and working. The participants were 1,000 children aged 12 to 16 years from governmental, private, and United Nations Relief Work Agency [[UNRWA]] schools in East Jerusalem and various governorates in the West Bank.{{sfn|Khamis|2005|pp=81–95}}

Another study showed that 28.3% of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] refugee women had symptoms of PTSD three or four years after their arrival in Sweden. These women also had significantly higher [[risk]]s of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress than Swedish-born women. For depression the odds ratio was 9.50 among Bosnian women.{{sfn|Sundquist|Johansson|DeMarinis|Johansson|2005|pp=158–64}}

A study by the Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine at the [[Boston University]] School of Medicine demonstrated that twenty percent of Sudanese refugee minors living in the United States had a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. They were also more likely to have worse scores on all the Child Health Questionnaire subscales.{{sfn|Geltman|Grant-Knight|Mehta|Lloyd-Travaglini|2005|pp=585–91}}

In a study for the United Kingdom, refugees were found to be 4 percentage points more likely to report a mental health problem compared to the non-immigrant population. This contrasts with the results for other immigrant groups, which were less likely to report a mental health problem compared to the non-immigrant population.<ref name="Gluntella" />

Many more studies illustrate the problem. One [[meta-study]] was conducted by the psychiatry department of [[Oxford University]] at Warneford Hospital in the United Kingdom. Twenty [[Statistical survey|surveys]] were analyzed, providing results for 6,743 adult refugees from seven countries. In the larger studies, 9% were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and 5% with major depression, with evidence of much psychiatric co-morbidity. Five surveys of 260 refugee children from three countries yielded a [[prevalence]] of 11% for post-traumatic stress disorder. According to this study, refugees resettled in Western countries could be about ten times more likely to have PTSD than age-matched general populations in those countries. Worldwide, tens of thousands of refugees and former refugees resettled in Western countries probably have post-traumatic stress disorder.{{sfn|Fazel|Wheeler|Danesh|2005|pp=1309–14}}