Editing Prosthesis (section)

====Prosthesis design====
The main goal of a robotic prosthesis is to provide active actuation during gait to improve the biomechanics of gait, including, among other things, stability, symmetry, or energy expenditure for amputees.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liacouras|first1=Peter C.|last2=Sahajwalla|first2=Divya|last3=Beachler|first3=Mark D.|last4=Sleeman|first4=Todd|last5=Ho|first5=Vincent B.|last6=Lichtenberger|first6=John P.|date=2017|title=Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices|journal=3D Printing in Medicine|volume=3|issue=1|pages=8|doi=10.1186/s41205-017-0016-1|issn=2365-6271|pmc=5954798|pmid=29782612 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There are several powered prosthetic legs currently on the market, including fully powered legs, in which actuators directly drive the joints, and semi-active legs, which use small amounts of energy and a small actuator to change the mechanical properties of the leg but do not inject net positive energy into gait. Specific examples include The emPOWER from BionX, the Proprio Foot from Ossur, and the Elan Foot from Endolite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bionxmed.com/|title=Home – BionX Medical Technologies|website=www.bionxmed.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-08|archive-date=2017-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203114709/http://www.bionxmed.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ossur.com/prosthetic-solutions/products/dynamic-solutions/proprio-foot|title=PROPRIO FOOT|last=Össur|website=www.ossur.com|language=en-us|access-date=2018-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.endolite.com/products/elan|title=Elan – Carbon, Feet, Hydraulic – Endolite USA – Lower Limb Prosthetics|work=Endolite USA – Lower Limb Prosthetics|access-date=2018-01-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Various research groups have also experimented with robotic legs over the last decade.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Windrich |first1=Michael |last2=Grimmer |first2=Martin |last3=Christ |first3=Oliver |last4=Rinderknecht |first4=Stephan |last5=Beckerle |first5=Philipp |title=Active lower limb prosthetics: a systematic review of design issues and solutions |journal=BioMedical Engineering OnLine |date=19 December 2016 |volume=15 |issue=S3 |pages=140 |doi=10.1186/s12938-016-0284-9 |pmid=28105948 |pmc=5249019 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Central issues being researched include designing the behavior of the device during stance and swing phases, recognizing the current ambulation task, and various mechanical design problems such as robustness, weight, battery-life/efficiency, and noise-level. However, scientists from [[Stanford University]] and [[Seoul National University of Science and Technology|Seoul National University]] has developed artificial nerves system that will help prosthetic limbs feel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/17049/Researchers-Create-Artificial-Nerve-System.aspx|title=Researchers Create Artificial Nerve System|last=ENGINEERING.com|website=www.engineering.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref> This synthetic nerve system enables prosthetic limbs sense [[braille]], feel the sense of touch and respond to the environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/01/c_137223459.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607021506/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/01/c_137223459.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 7, 2018|title=Stanford researchers create artificial nerve system for robots – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/05/31/artificial-nerve-system-gives-prosthetic-devices-robots-sense-touch/|title=An artificial nerve system gives prosthetic devices and robots a sense of touch {{!}} Stanford News|last=University|first=Stanford|date=2018-05-31|work=Stanford News|access-date=2018-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref>