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====2009–2024: Sheikh Hasina==== {{see also|Third Sheikh Hasina Cabinet}} [[File:Russia-Bangladeshi talks Moscow 2013-01-15 03.jpeg|thumb|400px|Sheikh Hasina with [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow (2013)]] The [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] came to power by winning the vast majority of parliament seats in the election held on 29 December 2008, and [[Sheikh Hasina]] became the Prime Minister of Bangladesh for the second time. Her cabinet took oath on 6 January 2009. HM Ershad was promised to be made President in exchange for support for Awami League, but despite supporting Awami League, this promise was not fulfilled and [[Zillur Rahman]] became president. The first two years under this government was peaceful, but a debatable issue took place when the Awami League government enforced an existing law to reclaim the house where Khaleda Zia had lived for nearly 40 years for a nominal cost. Khaleda Zia moved to the house of her brother Sayeed Iskandar at Gulshan. In protest BNP would abstain from parliament. This period also observed tremendous economic growth. Controversy erupted in 2011 after Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina declared the abolition of the care-taker government system, contradicting her own motives and views in the mid-1990s when she had demanded that elections should be held under neutral care-taker governments. Hasina justified this by stating that a neutral care-taker government may abuse its power (referring to the care-taker government crisis in 2006–2008) and take unlawful and autocratic control of the country. At the same time, arrests and trials of members accused of war crimes of the political party Jamaat-e-Islami had begun. This caused major disagreements among the ruling Awami League with the chief opposition party BNP and its major ally Jamaat. In a bid to return to the 1972 Constitution, the government made several reforms to the constitution of Bangladesh in 2011, and readopted Secularism. In 2012, a coup attempt against Hasina by mid-ranking army officers was stopped, with Bangladesh army being tipped off by Indian intelligence agency. Also in 2012, Bangladesh won a legal battle against [[Myanmar]] under international court regarding disputed sea territories, giving Bangladesh a tremendous advantage on the oceanic areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/702671/bangladesh-wins-sea-claim-battle-with-myanmar |title=Bangladesh wins sea claim battle with Myanmar |work=Dawn |date=14 March 2012}}</ref> The period 2012-2014 was marked by widespread political unrest and violence in strikes and riots initiated by the opposition party. Petrol bombs were utilized for arson attacks. Members of both the ruling party and opposition party clashed throughout the whole nation resulting in injuries and deaths. Both the ruling party and the opposition received International criticism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |last2=Manik |first2=Julfikar Ali |date=6 May 2013 |title=Protests in Bangladesh Seeking Anti-Blasphemy Law Turn Deadly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/world/asia/two-days-of-riots-in-bangladesh-turn-deadly.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The scheduled date of the 10th general election was 5 January 2014. The opposition party received several pleas by the ruling party to abandon their path of violence and join the election, but they repeatedly declined. Despite the crisis the controversial 5 January 2014 election was held with mass boycott from BNP and its major allies. At least 21 people were killed on the 5 January election day violence.<ref>{{cite news |title='Failed election' on 5 Jan 2014 |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E2%80%9CFailed-election%E2%80%9D-on-5-Jan-2014 |work=Prothom Alo |date=20 February 2015}}</ref> Awami League had a landslide victory, and Sheikh Hasina was sworn in as prime minister for the third time on 9 January 2014, while Rowshan Ershad of the Jatiya Party became the new leader of the opposition, as Khaleda-led BNP boycotted the election. The ongoing BNP-Jamaat protests diluted after failing to stop the January 2014 election, and overthrow the ruling party, and by the end of March 2014, political stability was reached. In the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|tenth general election]], [[Sheikh Hasina]] won a controversial one-sided [[walkover|walkover election]] after her main rival [[Khaleda Zia]] and all other opposition parties [[election boycott|boycotted]] the polls. Awami League once again took office on 9 January 2014. Over 100 people were killed in the 2016 Union Parishad Election in violent clashes between Awami League and BNP supporters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Moinul Hoque |date=4 June 2016 |title=Bangladesh braces for final round of union council elections that have left over 100 dead |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-braces-for-final-round-of-union-council-elections-that-have-left-over-100-dead |newspaper=bdnews24.com }}</ref> In April 2017 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina made a landmark visit to neighboring India and signed 22 new deals and MoUs with India taking the Indo-BD bilateral relationships to a new height. This also included a defense cooperation, originally proposed by India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/130240/bd-india-sign-22-deals-mous.html |title=BD, India sign 22 deals, MoUs |work=The New Nation |date=9 April 2017}}</ref> BNP harshly criticized the move with Khaleda alleging the ruling party was selling Bangladesh to India and pointing the Government's failure to make the long-awaited Teesta deal. Awami League dismissed the allegations, assuring that it was just a framework to strengthen regional ties with India. Also in 2017 Bangladesh was met with the [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|2017 Rohingya Refugee Crisis]], in which the government received international praise for allowing over 700,000 Rohingya refugees fleeing violence in Myanmar ([[Rohingya genocide|where around 20,000 of them were killed]]) into the country but also some domestic criticisms due to this being an additional burden to Bangladesh a country already overpopulated with 17 crore (170 million) people and having a small land.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar: What sparked latest violence in Rakhine? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41082689 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:G7 members and Guest Invitees group photo.jpg|thumb|Hasina with G7 Leaders and guests, Shima Kanko Hotel in Japan, 2016]] Most of the post 2014 election period however saw political calm. Tensions between the BNP and Awami League reignited in 2018 after BNP once again started pressing demands for a neutral caretaker government to observe the 11th general election. BNP also criticized Awami League's rising dependency on law enforcement agencies such as the police force and for holding back people's freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-threatens-mass-upsurge-restore-democracy-1515520 |title=BNP threatens of mass upsurge to 'restore' democracy |work=The Daily Star |date=5 January 2018}}</ref> On 8 February 2018 Khaleda Zia and [[Tarique Rahman]] as per court verdict, were jailed for 5 and 10 years respectively due to their involvement in the [[Zia Charitable Trust corruption case]]. While Tarique was on exile, Khaleda would be imprisoned on old Dhaka Central Jail located in Nazimuddin Road. BNP totally rejected the verdict, alleging that it was Awami League's conspiracy to destroy their party and to keep them out of the next general election. In protest BNP held nationwide demonstrations, which were foiled by the well prepared police force across the nation, with a large number of BNP members also being arrested during clashes with the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/khaleda-zia-orphanage-trust-corruption-case-verdict-on-way-to-special-court-dhaka-bangladesh-1531711 |title=Khaleda lands in jail for corruption |work=The Daily Star |date=8 February 2018}}</ref> After Khaleda Zia was jailed, BNP Secretary General [[Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir]] and prominent leader [[Ruhul Kabir Rizvi]] oversaw most of the party's activities. After Khalada Zia's prison sentence was challenged at the [[High Court]], it was increased to 10 years, potentially ending her political career.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Court raises jail term to 10 years for Khaleda Zia in orphanage graft case |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/high-court-raises-jail-term-to-10-years-for-khaleda-zia-in-orphanage-graft-case |work=bdnews24.com |date=30 October 2018}}</ref> During this time the government passed the controversial "Digital Security Act 2018", under which any criticisms of the government over the internet or any other media, would be met with various degrees of prison terms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tool ripe for abuse: HRW |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/digital-security-act-2018-overly-broad-ripe-abuse-human-rights-watch-1638454 |work=The Daily Star |date=26 September 2018}}</ref> On 22 September 2018, in a massive rally, the newly formed coalition party: Jatiya Oikya Prokriya (JOP), a platform led by Dr. [[Kamal Hossain]] and Prof. [[Badruddoza Chowdhury]], allied themselves with the main opposition party [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]], on condition BNP will no longer be alliance with Jamaat, and vowed joint movements to restore democracy. The BNP-JOP alliance was named the [[Jatiya Oikya Front]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater unity taking shape |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-join-today-jatiya-oikya-prokriya-rally-1637062 |work=The Daily Star |date=23 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Antara |first=Nawaz Farhin |date=24 September 2018 |title=Will Jatiya Oikya Prokriya be a game changer in election 2018? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/09/24/will-jatiya-oikya-prokriya-be-a-game-changer-in-election-2018 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The Awami League General Secretary [[Obaidul Quader]] called the opposing Jatiya Oikya Front, weak and stated that the opposing alliance was not being viewed as a credible threat by the Government.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP's dream will never come true |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-will-not-be-able-wage-demo-before-bangladesh-national-election-1637446 |work=The Daily Star |date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not national but a 'hotchpotch unity' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/not-national-hotchpotch-unity-1638307 |work=The Daily Star |date=25 September 2018}}</ref> On 10 October 2018, court verdict against the [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack|2004 grenade attack]] was given. Top BNP leader Lutfuzzaman Babar was given the death penalty and Tariqe Rahman was given life term imprisonment. BNP rejected the verdict and carried out protests against it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grenade attack in 2004 was designed to 'obliterate' Awami League, says judge |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/grenade-attack-in-2004-was-designed-to-obliterate-awami-league-says-judge |work=bdnews24.com |date=10 October 2018}}</ref> During this time, Kamal Hossain as the leader of the Jatiya Oikya Front became the main opposition leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=Movement if talks fail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/public-gathering-suhrawardy-udyan-in-dhaka-jatiya-oikyafront-rally-1656937 |work=The Daily Star |date=7 November 2018}}</ref> The [[2018 Bangladeshi general election]] was held on 30 December 2018. On the election day at least 14 people died in violence between the Awami League supporters and the Jatiya Oikya Front supporters.<ref>{{cite news |title=14 killed in Bangladesh election violence |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/412680-14-killed-in-bangladesh-election-violence |work=The News International |agency=Agence France-Presse|date=31 December 2018}}</ref> The Awami League returned to power winning 259 out of 300 parliamentary seats, making up the largest government body in Bangladesh after 1973 (where Awami League had won 293 out of 300 seats). The Jatiya Oikya Front only won 7 seats and alleged the 2018 election to be rigged and opted to boycott the parliament and stated that they would demand for fresh elections. The Jatiya Party became the main opposition party with only 20 seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=World leaders congratulate Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/news/world-leaders-congratulate-sheikh-hasina-1681441 |work=The Daily Star |date=1 January 2019}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Awami League]] leader [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s new cabinet took oath on 3 January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2019 |title=11th parliament takes oath |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2019/01/03/newly-elected-mps-take-oath |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Election Commission dismissive of TIB report on polls |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/election-commission-dismissive-of-tib-report-on-polls |work=bdnews24.com |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> Despite refusing to sell gas (LPG) at a better deal to the US back in 2000, in October 2019 Sheikh Hasina in a contradictory statement controversially stated that she will sell LPG to India despite the scarcity of LPG in Bangladesh (BD). Hasina also stated she will give India free access to extract BD's [[Feni River|Feni]] water, despite her failure to secure the Teesta river sharing deal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Search all university dorms |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-says-search-all-university-dorms-1811743 |work=The Daily Star |date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh allows India to withdraw Feni river water |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/sheikh-hasina-narendra-modi-talks-begin-in-new-delhi-prioritises-bangladesh-india-relation-1809646 |work=The Daily Star |date=5 October 2019}}</ref> The dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar over the unresolved [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Rohingya Refugee Crisis]] continued during this period, with Myanmar's unwillingness to take back the refugees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Rohingya: Suu Kyi accused of 'silence' in genocide trial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50763180 |work=BBC News |date=12 December 2019}}</ref> In October 2020 Myanmar deployed their army troops on the Bangladesh border. Bangladesh appealed to the [[UN Security Council]] to prevent any escalation. Later Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina assured "a safe zone must be created for the Rohingyas Refugees. If that is done, Myanmar will face a huge problem in the Rakhine region. I don't think Myanmar will lock in war with Bangladesh; [[China]] will not let that happen." No further escalations have been reported, Bangladesh and Myanmar have since remained in peace militarily, but the diplomatic dispute continues to be debated at the UN.<ref>{{cite news |last=Al Javed |first=Hasan |date=14 September 2020 |title=Myanmar deploys over 2,500 more troops near Bangladesh border |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2020/09/14/myanmar-deploys-over-2-500-more-troops-near-bangladesh-border |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |script-title=bn:মিয়ানমারকে আয়নায় মুখ দেখতে বলেছে বাংলাদেশ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4vIKhzgeio |publisher=ATN News |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mortoza |first=Golam |date=1 October 2020 |title='Two Asian powerhouses are competing in Myanmar's Rakhine' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/news/two-asian-powerhouses-are-competing-myanmars-rakhine-1970853 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion}}</ref> Since the 2018 General Election the nation witnessed four years of political calm. But in 2022 BNP increasingly started to criticize the Awami League Government over rising inflationary crisis, including unsustainable fuel and energy price hikes as well as massive power outage despite the Government's promise to implement 100% electricity in the nation. While price levels of every items especially food, begun to rise, people's income level became stale and the Prime Minister herself warned of possible famine in the future and called for the general public to reduce their consumption, however did not say anything about politicians and government officials living luxurious lives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/engage-food-production-evade-possible-famine-pm-asks-youths-523742 | title=Engage in food production to evade possible famine: PM asks youths |work=The Business Standard | date=November 2022 }}</ref> This cumulated to BNP staging massive protest on 24 December 2022, during clashes with the police one BNP activist was killed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/4lci1dmaqp | title=One killed as BNP-police clash in Panchagarh |work=Prothom Alo | date=24 December 2022 }}</ref> Despite these criticisms the Awami League achieved numerous economic development in the nation, including the opening of the [[Padma Bridge]] and the [[Dhaka Metro Rail]] on 25 June 2022 and 28 December 2022 respectively.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/8iqmqns5dp | title=Metro rail another feather of Bangladesh's development crown: PM Hasina |work=Prothom Alo | date=28 December 2022 }}</ref> On 1 January 2024 the government came under international controversy and criticism after their involvement in Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]] being convicted under labor law that was allegedly a false case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nobel laureate Yunus convicted in Bangladesh labour law case |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nobel-laureate-muhammad-yunus-convicted-bangladesh-labour-law-case-2024-01-01/ |work=Reuters |date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Unlike the 2014 and 2018 general elections which were marred by violence, the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election]] held on 7 January 2024 were generally peaceful and once again won by Awami League.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/ew2d0sq1et | title=Can an alliance of independents replace Jatiya Party as opposition? Experts say 'yes' |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> The Awami League Government led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina took oath for a record fourth consecutive time on 10 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/n8swqymb86 | title=Hasina picked as leader of the House |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> The election was boycotted by the main opposition [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh election: PM Sheikh Hasina wins fourth term in controversial vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67889387 |work=BBC News |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> Bangladesh was however grappled by large scale protests in July and August 2024 namely the [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement]] and the [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|2024 Non-cooperation movement]] and both protests were met by brutal resistance that resulted in hundreds of deaths across the whole country and the eventual resignation of the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League government on 5 August 2024, and Sheikh Hasina subsequently fled to India on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=Aniruddha |date=5 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns, flees country as protestors storm palace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-resigns-flees-country-as-protesters-storm-palace-report-101722850283514.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh taking steps to extradite former PM Hasina from India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/9/bangladesh-taking-steps-to-extradite-former-pm-hasina-from-india |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
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