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=== Free trade and interdependence === {{main|Doux commerce|Peace economics}} It was a central tenet of [[classical liberalism]], for example among English liberal thinkers of the late 19th and early 20th century, that free trade promoted peace. For example, the Cambridge economist [[John Maynard Keynes]] (1883β1946) said that he was "brought up" on this idea and held it unquestioned until at least the 1920s.<ref>Quoted from [[Donald Markwell]], ''[[John Maynard Keynes]] and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, chapter 2.</ref> During the [[economic globalization]] in the decades leading up to World War I, writers such as [[Norman Angell]] argued that the growth of economic interdependence between the great powers made war between them futile and therefore unlikely. He made this argument in 1913. A year later Europe's economically interconnected states were embroiled in what would later become known as the First World War.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2019/01/14/the-end-of-the-great-illusion-norman-angell-and-the-founding-of-nato/index.html|title=NATO Review - the end of the "Great Illusion": Norman Angell and the founding of NATO|date=14 January 2019|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110170330/https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2019/01/14/the-end-of-the-great-illusion-norman-angell-and-the-founding-of-nato/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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