Editing Palace of Fontainebleau (section)

==Park and gardens==
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File:Fontainebleau bird's eye view.jpg|Château and gardens in about 1650
File:Statue Tibre Parc Château Fontainebleau 1.jpg|Statue of the Tiber in the round basin, a copy of an ancient Roman statue now in the Louvre 
File:Fontainebleau with gardens.jpg|The canal, round basin, parterre and behind, the château 
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The gardens of Fontainebleau illustrate three centuries of French landscape gardening. When Francis I began building the château, he surrounded it with formal gardens. In the 16th century [[Catherine de' Medici]] created a [[French Renaissance garden]], inspired by the [[Italian Renaissance garden]], filled with statuary. [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] greatly expanded the gardens. Between 1606 and 1609, Henry built a grand canal that extended for 1200 meters in length, similar to one at the nearby château of Fleury-en-Bière. [[Louis XIV]] commissioned [[André Le Nôtre]] to create a distinctly classical [[French formal garden]] at the end of the 18th century. During the First Empire of Napoleon I, the royal landscape architect, [[Maximilien Joseph Hurtault]], created an [[English landscape garden]] with winding paths and picturesque groves of trees.<ref>Salmon (2023), p. 89</ref>  

On the other side of the château, on the site of the garden of Francis I, Henry IV created a large formal garden, or [[parterre]]. Between 1660 and 1664 the chief gardener of Louis XIV, [[André Le Nôtre]], and [[Louis Le Vau]] rebuilt the parterre on a grander scale, filling it with geometric designs and paths bordered with boxwood hedges and filled with colorful flowerbeds. They also added a basin called Les Cascades, surrounded by waterfalls, at the head of the canal. Le Nôtre planted shade trees along the length of the canal, and also laid out a wide path, lined with [[elm]] trees, parallel to the canal.{{sfn|Morel|1967|page=28}}

The fountains of Louis XIV were removed after his reign. In the 19th century the cascades were decorated with works of classical sculpture. A large ornamental fountain was installed in the central basin in 1817. A bronze replica of an ancient Roman statue, "The Tiber", was placed in the round basin in 1988. It replaced an earlier statue from the 16th century which earlier had decorated the basin. Two statues of sphinxes by Mathieu Lespagnandel, from 1664, are placed near the balustrade of the grand canal.{{sfn|Salmon|2011|page=92}}

===Garden of Diana===
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File:Jardin de Diane 2.JPG|Garden of Diana, in front of the King's apartments  
File:Chateau de Fontainebleau Fontaine de Diane.jpg|Fountain of Diana (17th century)
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The Garden of Diana, the goddess of the hunt,  was created during the reign of Henry IV; it was the private garden of the King and Queen, and was visible from the windows of their rooms. The fountain of Diana was originally in the center of garden, which at that time was enclosed by another wing, containing offices and later, under, Louis XIV, an orangerie. That building, and another, the former chancellery, were demolished in the 19th century, doubling the size of the garden. 
{{Sfn|Salmon|2023|page=90}}

From the 17th until the end of the 18th century, the garden was in the Italian and then the French formal style, divided by straight paths into rectangular flower beds, centered on the fountains and decorated with statues, ornamental plants and citrus trees in pots. It was transformed during the reign of Napoleon I into a landscape garden in the English style, with winding paths and trees grouped into picturesque landscapes, and it was enlarged during the reign of Louis-Philippe. It was opened to the public during the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].{{Sfn|Carlier|2010|pages=45–46}}

The fountain in the center was made by [[Tommaso Francini]], the master Italian fountain-maker, whose work included the [[Medici Fountain]] in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg]] in Paris. The bronze statue of Diana, the goddess of the hunt, with a young deer, was made by the Keller brothers in 1684 for another royal residence, at [[Château de Marly|Marly]]. It is a copy of an antique Roman statue, [[Diana of Versailles]], which was given by [[Pope Paul IV]] to King Henry IV, and which is now in the [[Louvre]]. The original statue of the fountain, made by [[Barthelemy Prieur]] in 1602, can be seen in the Gallery of the Deer inside the palace. The sculptures of hunting dogs and deer around the fountain were made by [[Pierre Biard l'Aîné]].{{sfn|Salmon|2011|page=90}}

=== Carp pond and the pavilion===
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File:Fontainebleau - Château - Etang aux Carpes.jpg|left|Fountain Court and the carp pond 
File:Pavillon Étang Carpes Château Fontainebleau 4.jpg|The pavilion, first built by Louis XIV, then modified by Napoleon  
File:Palace of Fontainebleau 017.jpg|Carp Pond facing the château  
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The large pond next to the palace, with a surface of four hectares, was first stocked with carp during the reign of Henry IV, and was used for boating parties by members of the Court, and as a source of fish for the table and for amusement.{{sfn|Salmon|2023|page=91}} Descriptions of the palace in the 17th century tell of guests feeding the carp, some of which reached enormous size, and were said to be a hundred years old. The small octagonal house on an island in the center of the lake, Pavillon de l'Ètang, was added during the reign of Louis XIV, then rebuilt under Napoleon I, and is decorated with his initial.{{sfn|Morel|1967|page=28}}{{Sfn|Salmon|2023|page=90}}

=== English garden === 
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File:Château de Fontainebleau 2011 (190).JPG|Statue of a [[Naiad]] facing the Belle-Eau fountain. 
File:Château de Fontainebleau-Grotte du jardin des Pins-Fontaine D-20170119.jpg|Fountain and grotto of the pine garden of Francis I (16th c.) 
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The garden was originally created by Francis I as the Pine Garden. At the far corner of the English garden close to the palace is the only remaining element of the original gardens of Francis I; the first Renaissance-style grotto to be built in a French garden, decorated with four statues of Atlas.{{sfn|Salmon|2023|page=91}}

Under Napoleon's landscape architect, [[Maximilien Joseph Hurtault]], this part of the garden was developed into an [[English landscape garden|English park]], with winding paths and exotic trees, including planting of [[catalpa]], [[Liriodendron tulipifera|tulip trees]], [[sophora]] and [[cypress]] trees from Louisiana, and introduction of a picturesque stream and antique boulders. The garden features two 17th century bronze copies of ancient Roman originals, the ''[[Borghese Gladiator]]'' and the ''[[Dying Gaul]]''. 
 
A path leads from the garden through a curtain of trees to the Belle-Eau Fountain or "Fontaine Belle-Eau" ("Spring of beautiful water"), a natural spring which in the 17th century gave its name to the palace and gardens. The fountain was rebuilt with an octagonal basin in 1891 and a classical statue of [[Hera]], or the "[[Naiad]] of Belle-Eau, was added close by. In the 1980s, to bring more contemporary art into the gardens, a group of statues of mythical figures entirely unrelated to the château's history was placed close around the fountain.<ref>Information plaque on the fountain, Jan. 2024)</ref>{{sfn|Morel|1967|page=28}}{{sfn|Salmon|2011|page=91}}