Editing Ottoman Empire (section)

=== Music and performing arts ===
{{further|Ottoman Music}}

[[File:Musicians and dancers from ottoman empire.jpg|thumb|Musicians and dancers entertaining the crowds, from the [[Surname-i Hümayun]], 1720|upright=.75]]

[[Ottoman music|Ottoman classical music]] was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite. A number of the Ottoman sultans have accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as [[Selim III]], whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of [[Byzantine music]], [[Music of Armenia|Armenian music]], [[Arabic music]], and [[Persian traditional music|Persian music]]. Compositionally, it is organized around rhythmic units called [[Usul (music)|usul]], which are somewhat similar to [[Metre (music)|meter]] in Western music, and [[Melody|melodic]] units called [[Turkish makam|makam]], which bear some resemblance to Western [[Mode (music)|musical modes]].

The [[Musical instrument|instruments]] used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the [[Bağlama|saz]], the [[bağlama]], the [[Kemenche|kemence]]), other Middle Eastern instruments (the [[Oud|ud]], the [[tanbur]], the [[Qanun (instrument)|kanun]], the [[ney]]), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of [[folk music]] were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern ([[Laz people|Laz]]) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. Some of the distinctive styles were: [[Ottoman military band|Janissary music]], [[Romani music|Roma music]], [[Belly dance]], [[Turkish folk music]].

The traditional [[shadow play]] called [[Karagöz and Hacivat]] was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2006 |title=Karagöz and Hacivat, a Turkish shadow play |url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/karagoz.htm |access-date=20 August 2012 |publisher=All About Turkey |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824133707/http://www.allaboutturkey.com/karagoz.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emin Şenyer |title=Karagoz, Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre |url=http://www.karagoz.net/english/shadowplay.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131082003/http://www.karagoz.net/english/shadowplay.htm |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=11 February 2013 |publisher=Karagoz.net}}</ref> It was performed by a single puppet master, who voiced all of the characters, and accompanied by [[tambourine]] (''def''). Its origins are obscure, deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition, or possibly from an Asian source.