Editing Muslim conquests of Afghanistan (section)

===Mughals===

[[Babur]] himself came to the region in the winter of 1507–1508 and had an inscription carved commemorating his transit.<ref name=Pellat/> While fleeing to India to take refuge in the Afghan-Indian borderlands after [[Muhammad Shaybani|Shibani Khan]] attacked [[Qandahar]], which Babur had recently conquered, he marched from Kabul to [[Lamghan]] in September 1507. He eventually reached the [[Adinapur]] fort in [[Nangarhar]] district and commented that his men had to forage for food and raided the rice fields of the Kafirs in the Alishang district.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6wPbXSyvjYC&pg=PA229|title=The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Bābur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530)|author=Stephen Frederic Dale|page=229|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004|isbn=9004137076}}</ref>

While writing in his memoirs, Babur noted that when he captured [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Chigha Sarai]] in 1514, the "Kafirs of Pech came to their assistance."<ref name=Ludwig/> He mentions some Muslim ''nīmčas'' or half-breeds, probably converted Kafirs, who married with the Kafirs and lived at Chigha Sarai, located at confluence of [[Kunar River]] and [[Pech River]].<ref name=Pellat/> In 1520, he mentions sending Haidar Alamdar to the Kafirs, who returned and met him under Bandpakht along with some Kafir chiefs who gifted him some [[wineskin]]s.<ref name=Ludwig>{{cite book|title=Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Volume 6|author=Ludwig W. Adamec
|page=351|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt Graz |year=1985|author-link=Ludwig W. Adamec
}}</ref>

The relationship between the Siahposh and the residents of Panjshir and Andarab remained the same even more than a century after Timur's expedition. Babur records about Panjshir that, "It lies upon the road, and is in the immediate vicinity of Kafiristan. The inroads of the robbers of Kafiristan are made through Panjshir. In consequence of their vicinity of the Kafirs – the inhabitants of this district are happy to pay them a fixed contribution. Since I last invaded Hindustan, and subdued it (in 1527), the Kafirs have descended into Panjshir, and returned after slaying a great number of people and committing extensive damages."<ref name=Ludwig/>

Per ''Tabakat-i-Akbari'', the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] had dispatched his younger brother [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]], who was a staunch adherent of the missionary-minded [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] order, against the Kafirs of Katwar in 1582.<ref name=Pellat/> Hakim was a semi-independent governor of Kabul.<ref name="Ğihād">{{cite journal|journal=Israel Oriental Studies|volume=10|page=153|publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]]|author=C. E. Bosworth|title=Ğihād in Afghanistan and Muslim India|author-link=C. E. Bosworth}}</ref> The ''Sifat-nama-yi Darviš Muhammad Hān-i Ğāzī'' of [[Qadi|Kadi]] Muhammad Salim who accompanied the expedition mentions its details<ref name=Pellat/> and gives Hakim the epithet of ''[[Dervish|Darviš]] Khan Gazi''.<ref name="Ğihād"/>

Muhammad Darvish's religious crusade fought its way from Lamghan to Alishang, and is stated to have conquered and converted 66 valleys to Islam. After conquering Tajau and Nijrau valleys in Panjshir area, his forces established a fort at Islamabad, located at the confluence of Alishang and Alingar rivers. They continued the raid up to Alishang and made their last effort against the non-Muslims of Alingar, fighting up to Mangu, the modern border between [[Pashayi languages|Pashai]] and [[Askunu language|Ashkun-speaking]] areas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gates of Peristan: history, religion and society in the Hindu Kush|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente|author=Alberto M. Cacopardo, Augusto S. Cacopardo|page=32}}</ref>

The conquest does not seem to have had a lasting effect, as [[Henry George Raverty]] mentions that Kafirs still lived in upper part of Alishang and Tagau.<ref name=Peristan>{{cite journal|journal=Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia
|title=Fence of Peristan – The Islamization of the "Kafirs" and Their Domestication|publisher=Società Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia|author=Alberto M. Cacopardo|year=2016|page=90}}</ref> ''Khulasat al-ansab'' of Hafiz Rahmat Khan stated that the Afghans and Kafirs of Lamghan were still fighting each other during the time of Jahangir.<ref name=Peristan/>