Editing List of regents (section)

== Regents in defunct monarchies ==
The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne.

=== Asia ===
==== China ====
{{See also|Empress dowager|Grand empress dowager}}
* [[Duke of Zhou]], during the minority of his nephew Song Ji, the [[King Cheng of Zhou]] until he was old enough to rule.
* [[Empress Lü]]
* [[Huo Guang]], during the reign of [[Emperor Xuan of Han]], the emperor reaffirmed that all important matters were to be presented to Huo before Huo would present them to the emperor. The source of title of highest imperial nobility of ancient Japan "[[Kanpaku]]" (Regent).
* [[Dong Zhuo]], [[Cao Cao]], [[Cao Pi]] during the reign of [[Emperor Xian of Han]].
* [[Cao Zhen]], [[Cao Xiu]], [[Chen Qun]], [[Sima Yi]] during the reign of Emperor [[Cao Rui]].
* [[Cao Shuang]], Sima Yi and [[Sima Shi]] during the reign of Emperor [[Cao Fang]].
* [[Sima Zhao]] and [[Sima Yan]] during the reign of Emperor [[Cao Mao]] and Emperor [[Cao Huan]].
* [[Zhuge Liang]], [[Jiang Wan]], [[Fei Yi]] during the reign of the Emperor [[Liu Shan]].
* [[Zhuge Ke]], [[Sun Jun (Eastern Wu)|Sun Jun]] and [[Sun Chen]] during the reign of Emperor [[Sun Liang]].
* [[Empress Dowager Feng]]
* [[Wu Zetian]]
* [[Xiao Yanyan]]
* [[Empress Liu (Zhenzong)|Empress Liu]]
* [[Empress Gao (Song dynasty)|Empress Gao]]
* [[Yang Shiqi]], [[Yang Rong (Ming dynasty)|Yang Rong]], [[Yang Pu]], [[Zhang Fu]] and Hu Ying during the minority of the [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Zhengtong Emperor]] from 1435 to 1442.
* [[Gao Gong]], [[Zhang Juzheng]], Gao Yi and [[Feng Bao]] during the minority of the [[Wanli Emperor]] from 1572 to 1582.
* [[Dorgon]], [[Jierhalang]] and [[Duoduo]] as Prince-Regent, from 1643 to 1650 during the minority of his nephew Fulin, the [[Shunzhi Emperor]].
* [[Sonin (regent)|Sonin]], [[Suksaha]], [[Ebilun]] and [[Oboi]] during the minority of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] from 1661 to their various deaths or downfalls. The last one, Oboi fell from grace in 1669.
* [[Zaiyuan]], [[Duanhua]], [[Sushun (Qing dynasty)|Sushun]], [[Jingshou]], [[Muyin]], [[Kuangyuan]], [[Du Han]] and [[Jiao Youying]] during the minority of the [[Tongzhi Emperor]] in 1861.
* [[Empress Dowager Ci'an]] (1861–1873, 1875–1881), [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] (1861–1873, 1875–1889, 1898–1908) and [[Prince Gong|Yixin]] (1861–1865) during the minority of the [[Tongzhi Emperor]] and de facto ruler for almost the entire reign of the [[Guangxu Emperor]].
* [[Zaifeng]], between 1908 and 1911 for his son [[Puyi]], [[Empress Dowager Longyu]] (1908–1912) abdicated monarchy on behalf of Puyi in 1912.

==== Afghanistan ====
Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals: [[Kabul]], [[Herat]], [[Qandahar]] and [[Peshawar]] (the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the [[Durrani|Abdali]] tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. They belong either to the [[Saddozay]] segment of the [[Popalzay]] clan (typically styled [[padshah]], king) or to the [[Mohammadzay]] segment of the [[Barakzay]] clan (typically with the style [[Amir]], in full [[Amir al-Mo´menin]] "Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

==== Ahom Kingdom ====
* Queen [[Phuleshwari]] (1722–1732) of [[Ahom kingdom]]
* Queen Ambika (1732–1739) of [[Ahom kingdom]]
* Queen Sarbeswari (1739–1744) of [[Ahom kingdom]]

==== Madurai ====
* Rani [[Mangammal]] (1684–1703) of [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]

==== Mughal Empire ====
* [[Bairam Khan]] (1556–1560) during the minority of [[Akbar]]

==== Vijayanagara Empire ====
*[[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] for [[Thimma Bhupala]] (1491) and [[Narasimha Raya II]]. (1491–1505) Following Narasimha II's assassination, Narasa's son, [[Viranarasimha Raya]], would be crowned emperor.
*[[Aliya Rama Raya]] for [[Sadasiva Raya]]. (1542 to 1556)

==== Qutub Shahi dynasty ====
*Saif Khan for [[Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]]. (1550)

==== Travancore ====
Both before and during the [[British raj]] (colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native [[princely state|princely houses]], many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval
* [[Maharani]] [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]] of [[Travancore]] (1811–1815)
* Maharani [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]] (1815–1849)
* Maharani [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] (1924–1931)

==== Vakataka Kingdom ====
* [[Prabhavati]] (ca. 390–410)

==== Iran ====
* [[Rinnu]] (132 BC), during the minority of her son [[Phraates II]].
* [[Ifra Hormizd]] (309–325), during the minority of her son [[Shapur II]].
* [[Denag]] (457–459), during a civil war between her sons [[Peroz I]] and [[Hormizd III]].
* [[Mah-Adhur Gushnasp]] (628–629), elected as regent for [[Ardashir III]].
* [[Farrukhan the Little]] (740/41–747/48), during the minority of his nephew [[Khurshid of Tabaristan|Khurshid]].
* [[Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Jayhani|Abu Abdallah Jayhani]] (914–922), appointed regent for the underage [[Nasr II]].
* [[Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)|Terken Khatun]] (1092–1094), during the minority of her son [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]].
* [[Div Sultan Rumlu]] (1524–1527), regent of the underage [[Tahmasp I]].
* [[Malek Jahan Khanom]] (1848), regent during the transition of power from [[Mohammad Shah Qajar]] to [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]].
* [[Ali Reza Khan Azod al-Molk|Ali-Reza Khan]] (1909–1914), during the minority of his nephew [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]].
* [[Abolqasem Naser ol-Molk|Naser-al-molk]] (1911–1914), during the minority of [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]].

==== Iraq ====
In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faysal II]] (b. 1935 – d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) :
* 4 April 1939 – 1 April 1941 [['Abd al-Ilah|Prince 'Abd al-Ilah]] (1st time) (b. 1913 – d. 1958)
* 1 April 1941 – 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 – d. 1955)
* 1 June 1941 – 2 May 1953 [['Abd al-Ilah|Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah]] (2nd time)

==== Korea ====
* [[Queen Mother Buyeo]], regent for [[Taejodae of Goguryeo|King Taejo]] of [[Goguryeo]]
* [[Queen Jiso]], regent for [[Jinheung of Silla|King Jinheung]] of [[Silla]]
* [[Queen Sinmok]], regent for [[Hyoso of Silla|King Hyoso]] of Silla
* [[Queen Gyeongsu]], regent for [[Hyegong of Silla|King Hyegong]] of Silla
* [[Queen Heonae|Queen Cheonchu]], regent for [[Mokjong of Goryeo|King Mokjong]] of [[Goryeo]]
* [[Queen Sasuk]], regent for [[Heonjong of Goryeo|King Heonjong]] of Goryeo
* [[Princess Deoknyeong]], regent for [[Chungmok of Goryeo|King Chungmok]] and [[Chungjeong of Goryeo|King Chungjeong]] of Goryeo
* [[Queen Gongwon]], regent for [[U of Goryeo|King U]] of Goryeo
* [[Queen Jeonghui]], regent for [[Yejong of Joseon|King Yejong]] and [[Seongjong of Joseon|King Seongjong]] of [[Joseon]]
* [[Queen Insu]] regent for [[Yejong of Joseon|King Yejong]] and [[Seongjong of Joseon|King Seongjong]] of Joseon
* [[Queen Munjeong]], regent for [[Myeongjong of Joseon|King Myeongjong]] of Joseon
* [[Queen Insun]], regent for [[Seonjo of Joseon|King Seonjo]] of Joseon
* [[Queen Jeongsun]], regent for [[Sunjo of Joseon|King Sunjo]] of Joseon
* [[Queen Sunwon]], regent for [[Heonjong of Joseon|King Heonjong]] and [[Cheoljong of Joseon|King Cheoljong]] of Joseon
* [[Queen Sinjeong]], regent for [[Gojong of Joseon|King Gojong]] of Joseon
* [[Heungseon Daewongun]], regent for [[Gojong of Joseon|King Gojong]] of Joseon
* [[Queen Min]], regent for King Gojong of Joseon

==== Mongolia ====
* [[Tolui]], the son of [[Genghis Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]
* [[Töregene]], the Great Khatun of the Mongol Empire
* [[Oghul Qaimish]], the wife of [[Güyük Khan]]

==== Myanmar ====
* [[Naratheinga Uzana]]:  (1230/31–1235), during the reign of King [[Htilominlo]]
* [[Athinkhaya]]:  (1297–1310), co-regent with his two brothers during the reign of puppet King [[Saw Hnit]]
* [[Yazathingyan]]: (1297–1312/13), co-regent
* [[Thihathu]]: (1297–1313), co-regent, unilaterally declared himself king in 1309
* [[Sithu of Pinya]]:  (1340–1344), after the abdication of King [[Uzana I of Pinya]]
* [[Maha Dewi of Hanthawaddy|Maha Dewi]]:  (1383–1384), Princess-Regent during the last weeks of her brother King [[Binnya U]]

==== Mysore ====
* [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi]], regent during the minority of [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]]. (1799–1810)
* [[Kempananjammanni Devi]], regent during the minority of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]. (1895–1902)

==== Nepal ====
* [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Prince Gyanendra]] was regent following the murder of his brother [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]], during the four-day coma of Birenda's son [[Dipendra of Nepal|King Dipendra]] upon whose death he succeeded as King

==== Ryukyu ====
* [[Ogiyaka]], queen regent for [[Shō Shin]] of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]. (1477–1505)
* [[Aragusuku Anki]], later [[Urasoe Ryōken]], head of the [[Sanshikan]] and regent for [[Shō Gen]]. (1556–1566)
* [[Yonabaru Ryōtō]], head of the Sanshikan and regent for [[Shō Sei (r. 1803)|Shō Sei]]. (1802–1803)
* [[Kuniyoshi Chōshō]], later [[Sakuma Seimō]] and then [[Kōchi Chōken]], head of the Sanshikan and regent for [[Shō Tai]]. (1848–1857)

==== Tibetan Empire ====
* [[Khri ma lod]] for her son [[Tridu Songtsen]] (675–689) and again for her grandson [[Me Agtsom]] (704–712)

==== Turkey ====
[[File:Yariri and Kamani 1.JPG|thumb|The regent Yariri (r.) and his successor Kamani (l.), on a relief from Carchemish. An example of regency from ancient history.]]
* [[Yariri]] for the later king [[Kamani (king)|Kamani]] in the [[Neo-Hittite]] state of [[Carchemish]] located at the present-day border of Turkey and Syria (early to mid 8th century BC).<ref name="Trevor Bryce 2012, p. 94-95">Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 95.</ref>
* [[Kösem Sultan]], Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the minority of her son [[Murad IV]] (10 September 1623 – 1632) and her grandson [[Mehmed IV]] (8 August 1648 – 2 September 1651)
* [[Turhan Sultan]], Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the minority of her son [[Mehmed IV]] (3 September 1651 – 1656)

==== Vietnam ====
* [[Queen Jiu]] during the reign of her son King [[Zhao Xing]].
* [[Lê Hoàn]] and Empress Dowager [[Dương Vân Nga]] during the short reign of her son Emperor [[Đinh Phế Đế]] (''lit. Deposed Emperor Dinh''), after her husband Emperor [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh|Đinh Tiên Hoàng]] was assassinated.
* [[Ỷ Lan|Empress Mother Linh Nhân]], while her husband Emperor [[Lý Thánh Tông]] led a military campaign against the kingdom of [[Champa]] (1st time) and again, during the reign of her son Emperor [[Lý Nhân Tông]] (2nd time).
* [[Linh Chiếu Thái hậu|Empress Mother Linh Chiếu]] (1138–1158) for her son Emperor [[Lý Anh Tông]].
* [[Trần Thừa]] and [[Trần Thủ Độ]] during the reign of Emperor [[Trần Thái Tông]]. [[Trần Thừa]] also called Retired Emperor Trần Thái Tổ, is Emperor [[Trần Thái Tông]]'s father. He was the only "''Emperor''" who did not held the throne of the [[Trần dynasty]]. Grand Chancellor [[Trần Thủ Độ]] is [[Trần Thái Tông]]'s uncle.
* [[Hồ Quý Ly]], during the reign of Trần dynasty's emperors ─ [[Trần Thuận Tông]] & [[Trần Thiếu Đế]]; and later, the reign of his son ─ Emperor [[Hồ Hán Thương]] of [[Hồ dynasty]].
* [[Nguyễn Thị Anh|Empress Mother Tuyên Từ]] (1443–1453), during the reign of her son Emperor [[Lê Nhân Tông]].
* Consort Tuyên ─ [[Đặng Thị Huệ]] (Consort of Lord [[Trịnh Sâm]]) during the reign of her son, Lord [[Trịnh Cán]].

=== Africa ===
==== Egypt ====
{{Main|Regencies in Egypt}}
* Queen [[Neithhotep]] for either [[Hor-Aha]] or [[Djer]] (c. 3000 B.C.)
* Queen [[Merneith]] for [[Den (pharaoh)|Den of Egypt]] (c. 2950 B.C.)
* Queen [[Nimaathap]] for [[Djoser]] (c. 2686 B.C.)
* Queen [[Khentkaus I]] for an unknown pharaoh
* Queen [[Khentkaus II]] for [[Nyuserre Ini]]
* Queen [[Iput I]] for [[Pepi I]] (c. 2332 B.C.)
* Queen [[Ankhesenpepi II]] for [[Pepi II]] (c. 2278 B.C.)
* Queen [[Ahhotep I]] for [[Ahmose I]] (c. 1550 B.C.)
* Queen [[Ahmose-Nefertari]] for [[Amenhotep I]] (c. 1526 B.C.)
* Queen [[Hatshepsut]] for [[Thutmose III of Egypt]] during the early part of his reign before she became co-ruling Pharaoh in her own right (c. 1479–1472 B.C.)
* Queen [[Mutemwiya]] for [[Amenhotep III]] (c. 1388 B.C.)
* General [[Horemheb]] for [[Tutankhamun]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|first=Ian|last=Shaw|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|location=Oxford|page=291}}</ref> (c. 1332–1323 B.C.)
* Queen [[Twosret]] for [[Siptah]] (c. 1197–1191 B.C.)
* Prince [[Tjahapimu]] for [[Teos of Egypt|Djedhor]] during his military campaigns against the [[Achaemenid Empire]] (c. 360 B.C.)
* Minister [[Agathocles of Egypt|Agathocles]] for [[Ptolemy V]] (c. 204–202 B.C.)
* Governor [[Tlepolemus (regent of Egypt)|Tlepolemus]] for [[Ptolemy V]] (c. 202–201 B.C.)
* Minister [[Aristomenes of Alyzeia|Aristomenes]] for [[Ptolemy V]] (c. 201–196 B.C.)
* Queen [[Cleopatra I]] for [[Ptolemy VI]] (c. 180–176 B.C.)
* Eulaeus and Lenaeus for [[Ptolemy VI]] (c. 176–170 B.C.)
* Pothinus for [[Ptolemy XIII]] (c. 51–48 B.C.)
* Commander [[Abu al-Misk Kafur]] for [[Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid]] and [[Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid]] (946–966 A.D.)
* Vizier [[Ja'far ibn al-Furat]] for [[Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali]] (968 and 969)
* Prince [[Al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj]] for [[Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali]] (968–969)
* [[Wasita (title)|Wasita]] [[Barjawan]] for [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] (996–1000)
* Princess [[Sitt al-Mulk]] for [[Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah]] (1021–1023)
* Vizier [[Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i]] for [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] (1036–1045)
* Caliph Mother [[Rasad]] for [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] (1045–1062)
* Prince [[Al-Hafiz]] for [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]] (1130)
* Vizier [[Kutayfat]] for [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim]] (1130–1131)
* Vizier [[Tala'i ibn Ruzzik]] for [[Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah]] and [[Al-Adid]] (1154–1161)
* Sultana [[Shajar al-Durr]] following the death of her husband [[As-Salih Ayyub]] (1249–1250)
* Atabak [[Aybak]] for [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Ashraf Musa]] (1250–1254)
* Emir [[Qalawun]] for [[Solamish]] (1279)
* Emir [[Al-Adil Kitbugha]] for [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] (1293–1294)
* Emir [[Baybars II|Baibars al-Jashankir]] for [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] (1299–1304)
* Viceroy [[Sayf al-Din Salar]] for [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] (1299–1304)
* Emir [[Qawsun]] for [[Al-Ashraf Kujuk]] (1341–1342)
* Emir [[Yalbugha al-Umari]] for [[Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Mansur Muhammad]] and [[Al-Ashraf Sha'ban]] (1361–1366)
* Emir [[Barquq]] for [[Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Mansur Ali II]] and [[As-Salih Hajji]] (1377–1382)
* Prince [[Mohammed Ali Tewfik]], [[Aziz Ezzat Pasha]], [[Sherif Sabri Pasha]] for [[King Farouk I of Egypt]] (1936–1937)
* Prince [[Muhammad Abdul Moneim]], [[Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha]], [[Rashad Mehanna]] for King [[Fuad II of Egypt]] (1952–1953)

==== Ethiopia ====
* [[Eleni of Ethiopia]] served as regent between 1507 and 1516 during the minority of Emperor [[Dawit II]].
* [[Mentewab]] for her son [[Iyasu II]]
* ''Ras'' [[Tessema Nadew]] in 1913 during the minority of [[Iyasu V of Ethiopia|Iyasu]] who would have been crowned as [[Iyasu V of Ethiopia|Iyasu V]]
* [[Tafari Makonnen]] from 1916 to 1931 during the reign of a female, [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Empress]] [[Zewditu]] (Queen of Kings, ''Nigiste Negestatt''). Upon her death, the regent himself ascended the throne and was crowned as Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]] (King of Kings, ''Negusa Nagast'')

=== Americas ===
==== Brazil ====
{{Further|Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|List of Brazilian regents}}
[[File:Maria Leopoldina regent.jpg|thumb|Princess [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria|Maria Leopoldina]] acting as regent of the [[Kingdom of Brazil]] on behalf of her husband [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro]] in 1822, as depicted in {{lang|pt|[[Sessão do Conselho de Estado]]}}]]
[[File:Juramento da Regência Trina.jpg|thumb|The oath of the provisional [[Triumvirate|triumviral]] regents of the [[Empire of Brazil]] in 1831, during the [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|regency period]].]]
[[File:Juramento Isabel.jpg|thumb|[[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel, Princess Imperial]] taking oath as regent of the Empire of Brazil on behalf of her father [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], c. 1870]]
* [[John VI of Portugal|John, Prince Regent]], was responsible for elevating Brazil to the status of Kingdom in 1815. One year later, he was acclaimed King of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves.
* [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro, Prince Regent]], was responsible for declaring the independence of Brazil, in 1822, during his regency (1820–1822), after his father, John VI, returned to Portugal. Some months later, he would be acclaimed Emperor of Brazil.
* [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria|Maria Leopoldina, Empress consort of Brazil]], acted as Empress Regent while her husband, Pedro I, was away – especially during the war against Uruguay.
* Provisional Triumviral Regency – from 7 April to 18 June 1831, comprised [[José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquis of Caravelas|José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos]], Marquess of Caravelas, [[Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro]] and [[Francisco de Lima e Silva]], was formed to rule the country after the [[Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil|abdication of Pedro I]].
* Permanent Triumviral Regency – from 18 June 1831 to 12 October 1835, comprised Francisco de Lima e Silva as well as [[José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre|José da Costa Carvalho]] and [[João Bráulio Muniz]].
* [[Diogo Antônio Feijó]] – from 12 October 1835 to 19 September 1837, during what was considered the advance of the Liberal Party
* [[Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda]] – from 1837 (provisional to 1838) to 1840, during what was considered the retaken of the Conservative Party.
* [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]], was Princess Regent of the [[Empire of Brazil]] three times (1871–1872; 1876–1877; 1887–1888) while her father travelled abroad. During her last regency, she signed the abolition of [[slavery]] in Brazil (known as the "[[Lei Áurea]]", or ''"Golden Law"''), on 13 May 1888, whereby Isabel got the [[sobriquet]] ''Isabel the Redeemer''. For the act of signing the ''Golden Law'', she was awarded the [[Golden Rose]] by [[Pope Leo XIII]].

==== Mexico ====
* [[Charlotte of Belgium|Carlota, Empress consort of Mexico]] (1864–1867), assisted her husband [[Maximilian I of Mexico]], who let her rule as regent during his absences from Mexico City.

=== Europe ===
==== Austria ====
* [[William, Duke of Austria]] (1404–1406), during the minority of his cousin, Duke [[Albert II of Germany|Albert V]].
* [[Leopold IV, Duke of Austria]] and [[Ernest, Duke of Austria]] (1406–1411), for the same reason.
* [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria]] (1524–1535), during the minorities of his nephews, Dukes [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] and [[Albert VI, Archduke of Austria|Albert VI]].
* [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V, Duke of Austria]] during the minorities of his cousins, Dukes [[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria|Sigismund]] (1439–1446) and [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] (1440–1452).
* [[Archduke Ernest of Austria]] (1590–1593), during the minority of his cousin, [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III, Archduke of Inner Austria]].
* [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria]] (1593–1595), for the same reason.
* [[Claudia de' Medici]] (1632–1646), during the minority of her son, [[Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria]].
* For most of the reign of the epileptic and severely disabled Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]] (1835–1848), Ferdinand's uncle, [[Archduke Louis of Austria|Archduke Ludwig]] (from 1836 to 1848), acted as a ''de facto'' regent.

==== Bulgaria ====
{{Main|List of Bulgarian regents}}
* [[Stefan Stambolov]], during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887.
* [[Kiril, Prince of Preslav]] and [[Bogdan Filov]] and [[Nikola Mikhov]] together as Regency Council, during the minority of the former's nephew [[Simeon II of Bulgaria|Simeon II]] (1943–1944).
* [[Venelin Ganev]] and [[Todor Pavlov]] and [[Tsvetko Boboshevski]] together as Regency Council, during the minority of [[Simeon II of Bulgaria|Simeon II]] (1944–1946)

==== Finland ====
After the abdication of [[Nicholas II of Russia]], the throne of the [[Grand Duke of Finland]] was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the [[Eduskunta|Finnish Parliament]] during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic.
* [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]], installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918.
* [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution.
====France====<!-- This section is linked from 2 August -->
* Queen [[Anne of Kiev]] and [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders]] (1060–1066), during the minority of her son and his nephew [[Philip I of France|Philip I]]
* [[Abbot Suger|Suger, Abbot of St. Denis]] (1147–1149), during the absence of [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] on the [[Second Crusade]]
* Queen [[Adèle of Champagne]] and [[Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims]] (1190–1191), during the absence of her son [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] on the [[Third Crusade]].
* Queen [[Blanche of Castile]] (1226–1234), during the minority of her son [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]]
* Queen [[Blanche of Castile]] (1248–1252) and [[Alphonse, Count of Poitiers|Alphonse, Count of Poitou and Toulouse]] (1248–1254), during the absence of her son and his brother [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] on the [[Seventh Crusade]].
* [[Matthew of Vendôme (abbot)|Mathieu de Vendôme, Abbot of Saint-Denis]] and [[Simon II of Clermont|Simon de Clermont, Sieur de Nesle]], during the absence of [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] on the [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270).
* [[Philip V of France|Philip the Tall]] (1316), during the interregnum between the death of his brother [[Louis X of France|Louis X]] and the birth of Louis' posthumous son [[John I of France|John I]], and during the minority of the short-lived John I.
* [[Philip VI of France|Philip, Count of Valois and Anjou]] (1328), from the death of his cousin [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]] until the birth of a posthumous daughter to the late king brought about Valois' own accession to the throne.
* Queen [[Joan the Lame of Burgundy|Joan the Lame]] (1340) during absence of her husband [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]].
* Queen [[Joan the Lame of Burgundy|Joan the Lame]] (1345–1346) during absence of her husband [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]].
* Queen [[Joan the Lame of Burgundy|Joan the Lame]] (1347) during absence of her husband [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]].
* [[Charles V of France|Charles, the Dauphin]] (1356–1360), during the [[Ransom of King John II of France|captivity of his father in England]]
* [[Louis I, Duke of Anjou]] (1380–1382), during the minority of his nephew [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]
* [[Jean, Duke of Berry]], [[Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy]], and [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]] (1382–1388), during the minority of their nephew, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]
* [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]] and [[John, Duke of Berry]] (1392–1407), during the insanity of their nephew, Charles VI
* Queen [[Isabella of Bavaria]] (1417–1420) and then [[Henry V of England]], during the insanity of her husband and his father-in-law, Charles VI; they were opposed by
* [[Charles VII of France|Charles, the Dauphin]] (1417–1422), Charles VI's eldest surviving son, who also claimed the regency.
* [[John, Duke of Bedford]] (1422–1435), acting as regent on behalf of his nephew, the young [[Henry VI of England]] in opposition to the king [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]]
* Queen [[Charlotte of Savoy]] (1465) during the absence of her husband [[Louis XI]]
* [[Anne of France]] and her husband [[Peter II, Duke of Bourbon|Pierre de Beaujeu]] (1483–1491), during the minority of her brother, [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]]
* [[Louise of Savoy]] (1515–1516), during the absence of her son, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], in Italy.
* [[Louise of Savoy]] (1523–1526), during the absence at war in Italy, and then the captivity, of her son, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]]
* Queen [[Catherine de' Medici]]:
**(1552) While her husband [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] left the kingdom for the campaign of [[Metz]].
**(1560–1563) During the minority of her second son, [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]]
**(1574) During the absence of her third son, [[Henry III of France|Henry III]], in Poland
* Queen [[Marie de' Medici]] (1610–1614), during the minority of her son, [[Louis XIII]]
* Queen [[Anne of Austria]] (1643–1651), during the minority of her son [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]
* [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]] (1715–1723), during the minority of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]]; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France. **The related era and style are commonly referred to as the ''[[Régence]]'' (analogous to the [[Regency era|British Regency]] period).
** A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent'
* [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, comte de Provence]], while living in exile, self-declared regent for his nephew [[Louis XVII of France]] after the 1793 guillotining of [[Louis XVI of France|King Louis XVI]], until the young pretender's death in 1795.
* [[Charles X of France|Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois]], appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom by a temporary government from 14 April 1814 until Louis XVIII arrived from England.
* [[Empress Eugenie]], three times for her husband, [[Napoleon III of France]], during his absence.

==== Greece ====
{{Main|List of Greek regents}}
* [[Josef Ludwig von Armansperg]], [[Carl Wilhelm von Heideck]], [[Georg Ludwig von Maurer]], [[Egid von Kobell]], [[Johann Baptist von Greiner]] (1833–1835): on behalf of the minor [[Otto of Greece|King Otto]].
* [[Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]] (1867): on behalf of [[George I of Greece|George I]] while he was on a tour in Europe.
* [[Pavlos Kountouriotis]] (1920): following the death of [[Alexander of Greece|King Alexander]].
* [[Olga Constantinovna of Russia]] (1920): until the conclusion of a [[1920 Greek referendum|referendum]] on the return of [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]].
* [[Pavlos Kountouriotis]] (1923–1924): on behalf of the minor [[George II of Greece|King George II]].
* [[Georgios Kondylis]] (1935): on behalf of the minor [[George II of Greece|King George II]].
* [[Damaskinos of Athens|Archbishop Damaskinos]] (1944–1946): on behalf of [[George II of Greece|King George II]] until his return after World War II.
* [[Constantine II of Greece|Crown Prince Constantine]] (1964): on behalf of the ill [[Paul of Greece|King Paul]].
* General [[Georgios Zoitakis]] (1967–1972): appointed by the [[Regime of the Colonels|military junta]] of the time when the last reigning king, [[Constantine II of Greece]], fled to exile after a failed royal countercoup.
* Military dictator Colonel [[Georgios Papadopoulos]] (1972–1973): then Prime Minister, assumed the additional role of regent until the monarchy was abolished by the junta in 1973.

==== German Empire ====
===== Anhalt =====
* [[Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (1266–1270), during the minority of her sons, [[Otto I, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben]] and [[Henry III, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben]].
* [[Margaret of Münsterberg]] (1516–1524), during the minority of her sons, [[Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]], [[John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]], and [[George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]].
* [[Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau]] first (1621–1643), during the minority of his nephew, [[John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]], and later (1650–1653), during the minority of his nephew, [[William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen|Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau]] and [[Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen|Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau]] (1653–1659), during the minority of their cousin, [[William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[Sophie Augusta of Holstein-Gottorp]] (1667–1674), during the minority of her son, [[Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]].
* [[Anna Eleonore of Stolberg-Wernigerode]] (1670–1690), during the minority of her son, [[Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]] (1690–1692), during the minority of his cousin, [[Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau]] (1693–1698), during the minority of her son, [[Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]].
* [[Gisela Agnes of Rath]] (1704–1715), during the minority of her son, [[Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp]] (1747–1752), during the minority of her son, [[Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]].
* [[Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau]] (1751–1758), during the minority of his nephew, [[Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau]].
* [[Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau]] (1812–1817), during the minority of his cousin, [[Louis Augustus, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt]]-Dessau (1817–1818), during the minority of his cousin, [[Louis Augustus, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[Prince Aribert of Anhalt|Prince Aribert]] (1918), during the minority of his nephew, Duke [[Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt|Joachim Ernst]].

===== Baden =====
* [[Albert V, Duke of Bavaria]] (1569–1577), during the minority of his nephew, [[Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden]].
* [[Countess Palatine Anna of Veldenz]] (1577–1584), during the minority of her son, [[Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]].
* [[Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg]] (1707–1727), during the minority of her son, [[Louis George, Margrave of Baden-Baden]].
* [[Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg]] (1738–1742), during the minority of her grandson, Margrave [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden|Charles Frederick]] of Baden-Durlach.
* [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden|Prince Frederick]] (1852–1856), during the incapacity of his brother, Grand Duke [[Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Baden|Louis II]].

===== Bavaria =====
* [[Agnes of Loon]] (1183–1191), during the minority of her son, [[Louis I, Duke of Bavaria]].
* [[Matilda of Habsburg]] (1294–1296), during the minority of her son, [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria]].
* [[Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria]] (1651–1654), during the minority of his nephew, [[Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria]].
* [[Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg]] (1679–1680), during the minority of his nephew, [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]].
* [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Prince Luitpold]] (1886–1912), during the incapacity of his nephews, [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] and [[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto]].
* [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Prince Ludwig]] (1912–1913), during the incapacity of his cousin, [[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto]].

===== Brunswick =====
* [[Albert I, Duke of Brunswick]] (1277–1279), during the minority of his nephew, [[Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]].
* [[Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode]] (1383–1401), during the minority of his nephew, [[Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen]].
* [[Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen]] (1464–1479), during the minority of his nephew, [[Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen]].
* [[Anne of Nassau-Siegen]] (1479–1486), during the minority of her son, [[Henry I, Duke of Brunswick]].
* [[Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen|Elisabeth of Brandenburg]] and [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]] (1540–1545), during the minority of the former's son, [[Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]].
* [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Elizabeth of Denmark]] (1616–1622), during the incapacity of her son, [[Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]].
* [[George IV|George, Prince of Wales]], later King George IV of the United Kingdom (1815–1823), during the minority of his cousin, Duke [[Charles II, Duke of Brunswick|Charles II]].
* [[Prince Albrecht of Prussia]] (1885–1906), during the interregnum following the death of Duke [[Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick|Wilhelm]] in 1884, when the throne could not be filled due to the status of the heir, the [[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover|Duke of Cumberland]], as an enemy of the Reich.
* [[Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (1907–1913), for the same reason.

===== Hanover =====
* [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales]] (1813–1820), due to the insanity of his father, King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]].

===== Hesse-Darmstadt =====
* [[Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]] (1678–1686), during the minority of her son, [[Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]].

===== Hesse-Homburg =====
* [[Margaret Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg]] (1638–1648), during the minority of her son, [[William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg]].
* [[Princess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels]] (1751–1766), during the minority of her son, [[Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg]].

===== Hesse-Kassel =====
* [[Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg]] (1637–1650), during the minority of her son, [[William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]].
* [[Princess Hedwig Sophie of Brandenburg]] (1663–1677), during the minorities of her sons, [[William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]] and [[Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]].
* [[Frederick William, Elector of Hesse|Electoral Prince Frederick William]] (1831–1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector [[William II, Elector of Hesse|William II]].

===== Lippe =====
* [[Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg]] (1802–1820), during the minority of her son, Prince [[Leopold II, Prince of Lippe|Leopold II]].
* [[Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe]] (1895–1897), due to the incapacity of his cousin, Prince [[Alexander, Prince of Lippe|Alexander]].
* [[Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld]] (1897–1904), for the same reason.
* [[Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe|Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld]] (1904–1905), for the same reason.

===== Mecklenburg-Schwerin =====
* [[Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (1897–1901), due to the minority of his nephew, Grand Duke [[Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Friedrich Franz IV]].

===== Mecklenburg-Strelitz =====
* [[Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (1918), due to the near extinction of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz line.

===== Prussia =====
* [[Wilhelm I of Germany|Prince William]] (1858–1861), during the incapacity of his brother [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Frederick William IV]].

===== Württemberg =====
* [[Charles Frederick II, Duke of Württemberg-Oels]] during minority of [[Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg]]
* [[Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis]] (1737–1740), during the minority of her son, [[Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg]]

===== Saxe-Altenburg =====
* [[John George II, Elector of Saxony]] (1669–1672), during the minority of his nephew, Duke [[Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Friedrich Wilhelm III]].

===== Saxe-Coburg and Gotha =====
* [[Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]] (1900–1905), during the minority of his cousin, Duke [[Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Charles Edward]].

===== Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg =====
* [[Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]] and [[Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild]] (1691–1693), during the minority of their nephew, Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Frederick II]].

===== Saxe-Eisenach =====
* [[John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach|John George I, Duke of Saxe-Marksuhl]] (1668–1671), during the minority of his nephew, Duke [[William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach|William August]].

===== Saxe-Hildburghausen =====
* [[Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach]] (1724–1728), during the minority of her son, Duke [[Ernest Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Ernest Frederick II]].
* [[Countess Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau|Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau]] (1745–1748), during the minority of her son, Duke [[Ernest Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Ernest Frederick III]].
* [[Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (1780–1787), during the minority of his great-grandnephew, Duke [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick]].

===== Saxe-Jena =====
* [[John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]] (1678–1683), during the minority of his nephew, Duke [[Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Jena|Johann Wilhelm]].
* [[John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach]] (1683–1686), during the minority of his nephew, Duke [[Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Jena|Johann Wilhelm]].
* [[William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]] (1686–1690), during the minority of his cousin and brother-in-law, Duke [[Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Jena|Johann Wilhelm]].

===== Saxe-Meiningen =====
* [[Princess Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal|Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal]] (1763–1779), during the minority of her son, Duke [[Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Karl Wilhelm]].
* [[Princess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe]] (1803–1821), during the minority of her son, Duke [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernard II]].

===== Saxe-Merseburg =====
* [[Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz]] (1694–1712), during the minorities of her sons, Duke [[Christian III Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg|Christian III Maurice]] and Duke [[Maurice Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg|Maurice Wilhelm]].

===== Saxe-Weimar =====
* [[Augustus, Elector of Saxony]] (1573–1586), during the minority of his cousin, Duke [[Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar|Friedrich Wilhelm I]].
* [[Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]] and [[Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]] (1748–1755), during the minority of their cousin, Duke [[Ernest Augustus II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Ernest Augustus II]].
* [[Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Anna Amalia of Brunswick]] (1758–1775), during the minority of her son, Duke [[Carl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Carl August]].

===== Saxony =====
* [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg]] (1139–1142), during the minority of her son, [[Henry the Lion]].
* [[Sophie of Brandenburg]] (1591–1601), during the minority of her son, Elector [[Christian II, Elector of Saxony|Christian II]].
* [[Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria|Maria Antonia of Bavaria]] (1763–1769), during the minority of her son, Elector [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus III]].

===== Waldeck =====
* [[Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym|Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym]] (1845–1852), during the minority of her son, Prince [[George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|George Victor]].

==== Hungary ====
* [[Helena of Rascia|Helena]] and [[Beloš Vukanović]], in 1141–1146 during the rule of infant [[Géza II]]. Helena was the mother and Beloš her brother.
* [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew of Hungary]], between 1204 and 1205 during the rule of the infant [[Ladislaus III of Hungary|Ladislaus III]]
* [[Elizabeth of Bosnia]], regent for her daughter [[Mary, Queen of Hungary|Mary]] between 1382–1385 and in 1386. Had assassinated her daughter's opponent [[Charles III of Naples|Charles II]], but was murdered herself the following year.
* [[John Hunyadi]], during [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]]'s minority
* [[Michael Szilágyi]] in 1458, between Ladislaus V's death and the crowning of [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
* [[George Martinuzzi]] (1540–1551) and [[Isabella Jagiellon]] (1556–1559) for [[John Sigismund Zápolya|John II]]
* [[Lajos Kossuth]], under the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]
* [[Archduke Joseph August of Austria|Joseph August]], briefly after the fall of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] in 1919.  He is the last [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] to be a head of state.
* Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]] during the period of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)]]

==== Iceland ====
* [[Hermann Jónasson]], [[Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson]], [[Eysteinn Jónsson]], [[Jakob Ragnar Valdimar Möller]], [[Ólafur Thors]] during Denmark's occupation between 1940 and 1941.
* [[Sveinn Björnsson]] was regent for [[Christian X of Denmark|King Christian X]] during Denmark's occupation between 1941 and 1944.

==== Italy ====
* [[Umberto II of Italy|Prince Umberto, Prince of Piedmont]] was regent for his father, [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King Vittorio Emanuele III]], between 1944 and 1946 (whom he briefly succeeded as [[Umberto II of Italy|King Umberto II]])

===== Mantua =====
* [[Isabella d'Este]] (1519–1521), during the minority of her son [[Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua|Federico II]].

===== Parma =====
* [[Margherita de' Medici]] (1646–1648), during the minority of her son [[Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma|Ranuccio II]]
* [[Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg|Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg]] (1731) during the absence of her grandson [[Charles III of Spain|Charles I]]
* [[Louise d'Artois]] (1854–1859), during the minority of her son [[Robert, Duke of Parma|Robert I]].

===== Savoy =====
* [[Christine Marie of France]] (1637–1663), during the minority of her son [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Charles Emmanuel II]].
* [[Marie Jeanne of Savoy]] (1675–1680), during the minority of her son [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia|Victor Amadeus II]].

==== Kievan Rus' ====
* [[Oleg the Wise]], ruled [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] and [[Kyiv]], for supposed kinsman [[Igor of Kiev]] (879–912)
* [[Olga of Kiev]] for her son [[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Svyatoslav]] (945–969)

==== Portugal ====
* [[Theresa, Countess of Portugal|Countess Teresa]], during the minority of her son [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso I]] (1112–1139). Styled herself ''Queen of Portugal''.
* [[Afonso III of Portugal|Afonso, Count ''jure uxoris'' of Boulogne-sur-Mer]], after [[Pope Innocent IV]] had deposed his brother [[Sancho II of Portugal|Sancho II]], and before assuming himself the throne as Afonso III, following Sancho's death (1245–1248). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''.
* [[Leonor Telles de Menezes|Queen Leonor]], for her daughter [[Beatrice of Portugal|Beatrice I]] (1383).
* [[John I of Portugal|João, Mestre de Avis]], during the [[1383–1385 Crisis|Dynastic Crisis]], and before assuming himself the throne as John I (1384–1385). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''.
* [[Leonor of Aragon (1402–1445)|Queen Eleanor]], during the minority of her son [[Afonso V of Portugal|Afonso V]] (1438–1439).
* [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra]], during the minority of his nephew [[Afonso V of Portugal|Afonso V]] (1439–1448).
* [[Catherine of Habsburg (1507–1578)|Queen Catharine]], during the minority of her grandson [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastian I]] (1557–1562).
* [[Cardinal Henry|Cardinal Prince Henry]], during the minority of his grandnephew [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastian I]] (1562–1568).
* [[Luísa de Gusmão|Queen Luísa]], for her son [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]] (1656–1662).
* [[Peter II of Portugal|Prince Peter]], for his brother [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]], and before assuming himself the throne as Peter II, following Afonso's death (1668–1683).
* [[Catherine of Braganza|Catherine, Queen Dowager of England, Scotland and Ireland]], for her brother, [[Peter II of Portugal|Peter II]], in 1701 and 1704–05.
* [[John VI of Portugal|John, Prince Regent]], during the incapacity of his mother [[Mary I of Portugal|Mary I]], and before assuming himself the throne as John VI, following her death (1792–1816).
* [[Isabel Maria of Braganza|Princess Isabel Maria]], following her father's ([[John VI of Portugal|John VI]]) death, and whilst awaiting the arrival of her brother [[Peter IV of Portugal|Peter IV]] to assume the throne (1826–1828).
* [[Michael I of Portugal|Prince Michael]], for his niece [[Mary II of Portugal|Mary II]], and before usurping the throne for himself as Michael I (1828).
* [[Peter IV of Portugal|Peter, Duke of Bragança]] (former King Peter IV), for his daughter [[Mary II of Portugal|Mary II]] (1831–1834).
* [[Ferdinand II of Portugal|King ''jure uxoris'' Ferdinand II]], during the minority of his son [[Peter V of Portugal|Peter V]] (1853–1855).

==== Romania ====
* [[Lascăr Catargiu]], [[General officer|Gen.]] [[Nicolae Golescu]], [[Colonel|Col.]] [[Nicolae Haralambie]] (1866), between the overthrow of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] and the coronation of [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] as Prince.
* [[Prince Nicholas of Romania|Prince Nicholas]], [[Miron Cristea]], [[Gheorghe Buzdugan]] (replaced upon his death by [[Constantin Sărăţeanu]]) (1927–1930), during the minority of king [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]].

==== Russia ====
* [[Sophia of Lithuania]] for her son [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily II]] (1425–1432)
* [[Elena Glinskaya]] for her son [[Ivan the Terrible]] (1533–1538) with her favorite [[Ivan Fedorovich]] (d. 1539)
* [[Sophia Alekseyevna]] for her brothers [[Ivan V]] and [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] (1682–1689)
* [[Natalia Naryshkina]] for her son [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] (1689–1694)
* [[Ernst Johann von Biron]] for the infant [[Ivan VI]] (1740)
* [[Anna Leopoldovna]] for her son [[Ivan VI]] (1740–1741)

==== Serbia ====
{{Main|List of Serbian regents}}
* [[Milica of Serbia|Princess Milica]], regent of Serbia during the minority of [[Stefan Lazarević]] (1389)
* Council of Regency during the [[Serbian Despotate]]: [[Mihailo Anđelović]], [[Stefan Branković]], and [[Helena Palaiologina of the Morea|Helena Palaiologina]] (fl. 1458)
* Council of Regency during the minority of [[Milan I of Serbia|Prince Milan]]: [[Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac]], [[Jovan Ristić]] and [[Jovan Gavrilović]] (1868–1872)
* Council of Regency during the minority of [[Alexander I of Serbia|King Aleksandar Obrenović V]]: Jovan Ristić, [[Kosta Protić]] (d. 1892) and [[Jovan Belimarković]] (1889–1893)
* [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Crown Prince Alexander]], regent of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] (1914–1918) and regent of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (1918–1921), until the death of his father [[Peter I of Serbia|King Peter I]]

===== Serbian regents abroad =====
* [[Helena of Rascia|Helena]] and [[Beloš Vukanović]], Co-regents of Hungary (1141–1146)

==== Yugoslavia ====
{{main|List of Yugoslav regents}}
* [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Crown Prince Alexander]], regent of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] (1914–1918) and regent of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (1918–1921), until the death of his father [[Peter I of Serbia|King Peter I]]
* Council of Regency during the minority of [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]]: [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Prince Paul]], [[Radenko Stanković]], [[Ivo Perović]] (1934–1941)

=== Oceania ===
==== Hawaii ====
{{Main|Kuhina Nui}}
* Queen [[Kaahumanu|Kaʻahumanu]], between 1824 and 1832 during the rule of the infant [[Kamehameha III]]; she was also Kuhina Nui (co-ruler), regent, of Kamehameha II
* [[Kaahumanu II|Elizabeth Kīnaʻu]], between 5 June 1832 – 17 March 1833 after Kaʻahumanu's death and before Kamehameha III became 20 years old<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hawaii.gov/dags/archives/centennial/kunina-nui |title=Kuhina Nui 1819–1864 |access-date=3 October 2009 |work=Centennial Exhibit |publisher=State of Hawaii Department of Accounting and General Services }}</ref>