Editing Linguistic relativity (section)

=== Psycholinguistic research ===
[[Psycholinguistic]] studies explored motion perception, emotion perception, object representation and memory.<ref name="HickmannRobert2006">{{cite book|first1=Maya |last1=Hickmann|author1-link=Maya Hickmann|first2=Stéphane |last2=Robert|title=Space in Languages: Linguistic Systems and Cognitive Categories|chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=naZ_bZHEs4IC|page=281}}|date=16 May 2006|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-9355-8|pages=281–308|chapter=The relativity of motion in first language acquisition}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Perlovsky|first1=Leonid|title=Language and emotions: Emotional Sapir–Whorf hypothesis|journal=Neural Networks|volume=22|issue=5–6|year=2009|pages=518–526|issn=0893-6080|doi=10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.034|pmid=19616406}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Linguistic Relativity in Japanese and English: Is Language the Primary Determinant in Object Classification?|last1=Mazuka|first1=Reiko |last2=Friedman|first2=Ronald S.|journal=Journal of East Asian Linguistics|volume=9|issue=4|year=2000|pages=353–377|issn=0925-8558|doi=10.1023/A:1008356620617|s2cid=118785578}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pavlenko|first1=A.|title=Eyewitness memory in late bilinguals: Evidence for discursive relativity|journal=International Journal of Bilingualism|volume=7|issue=3|year=2003|pages=257–281|issn=1367-0069|doi=10.1177/13670069030070030301|s2cid=144633646}}</ref> The gold standard of psycholinguistic studies on linguistic relativity is now finding non-linguistic cognitive differences{{example needed|date=August 2021}} in speakers of different languages (thus rendering inapplicable Pinker's criticism that linguistic relativity is "circular").

Recent work with [[bilingual]] speakers attempts to distinguish the effects of language from those of culture on bilingual cognition including perceptions of time, space, motion, colors and emotion.<ref>{{harvnb|Pavlenko|1999}}, {{harvnb|Cook|Bassetti|2010}}, {{harvnb|Athanasopoulos|2009}}, {{harvnb|Phillips|Boroditsky|2003}}.</ref> Researchers described differences between bilinguals and [[monolingual]]s in perception of color,{{sfn|Andrews|1994}} representations of time{{sfn|Boroditsky|Ham|Ramscar|2002}}<ref name="TimeRepresentation2011">Fuhrman, O., McCormick, K., Chen, E., Jiang, H., Shu, D., Mao, S., & Boroditsky, L. (2011). "How linguistic and cultural forces shape conceptions of time: English and Mandarin time in 3D". Cognitive Science, 35(7), 1305–1328. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01193.x doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01193.x]</ref><ref name="TimeRepresentation2023">Athanasopoulos, P., & Bylund, E. (2023). "Cognitive restructuring: Psychophysical measurement of time perception in bilinguals". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 26(4), 809-818. [https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728922000664 doi:10.1017/S1366728922000664]</ref> and other elements of cognition.<ref>{{cite podcast |url=https://subtitlepod.com/the-birth-of-a-language/ |title=The birth of a language |date=24 June 2020 |website=Subtitle}}</ref>