Editing LSD (section)

==History==
{{Quote box| quote= ... affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, [[kaleidoscope|kaleidoscopic]] play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.|source= —Albert Hofmann, on his first experience with LSD<ref name="hofmann1980">{{cite book | vauthors = Hofmann A |url=http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child.htm |title=LSD—My Problem Child |access-date=April 19, 2010 |via=The Psychedelic Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215043651/http://www.psychedelic-library.org/child.htm |archive-date=15 December 2017 |url-status=live |publisher=McGraw-Hill |date=1980 |isbn=0-07-029325-2}}</ref>{{rp|p=15}}|width=25em}}

{{Main|History of LSD}}

Swiss chemist [[Albert Hofmann]] first synthesized LSD in 1938 from [[lysergic acid]], a chemical derived from the [[hydrolysis]] of [[ergotamine]], an [[alkaloid]] found in [[ergot]], a fungus that infects grain.<ref name="EU2018" /><ref name="NIH2018C">{{cite web |title=Commonly Abused Drugs Charts |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/commonly-abused-drugs-charts#lsd |website=National Institute on Drug Abuse |access-date=14 July 2018 |date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301183029/https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/commonly-abused-drugs-charts#lsd |archive-date=March 1, 2020}}</ref> LSD was the 25th of various [[lysergamides]] Hofmann synthesized from lysergic acid while trying to develop a new [[analeptic]], hence the alternate name LSD-25. Hofmann discovered its effects in humans on April 16, in 1943, after unintentionally ingesting an unknown amount, possibly absorbing it through his skin.<ref name="Hofmann2009">{{Cite book |vauthors=Hofmann A |title=LSD, my problem child: reflections on sacred drugs, mysticism, and science |location=Santa Cruz, CA |publisher=Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9798622-2-9 |edition=4th |oclc=610059315}}</ref><ref name="Lee1992">{{Cite book |vauthors=Lee MA, Shlain B |title=Acid dreams: the complete social history of LSD: the CIA, the Sixties, and beyond |date=1992 |publisher=Grove Weidenfeld |isbn=0-8021-3062-3 |location=New York |oclc=25281992}}</ref><ref name="Ettinger2017">{{cite book |vauthors=Ettinger RH |title=Psychopharmacology |date=2017 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-351-97870-5 |page=226 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XT4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |access-date=September 27, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927002241/https://books.google.com/books?id=XT4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |archive-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref> On April 19, 1943, Hofmann intentionaly ingested 0.25 milligrams (250 micrograms) of LSD.<ref>{{Cite magazine | vauthors = Calderon T |date=2018-04-19 |title=Flashback: LSD Creator Albert Hofmann Drops Acid for the First Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/flashback-lsd-creator-albert-hofmann-drops-acid-for-the-first-time-629085/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> LSD was first published in the [[scientific literature]] by Hofmann and his colleague [[psychiatrist]] [[Werner Stoll]] in 1943 and the hallucinogenic effects of LSD were first published by Stoll in 1947.<ref name="Gach2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Gach J | title=History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology | chapter=Biological Psychiatry in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | publisher=Springer US | publication-place=Boston, MA | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-387-34707-3 | doi=10.1007/978-0-387-34708-0_12 | pages=381–418 | url=https://www.timothydavidson.com/Library/Books/Wallace-2008-History%20of%20Psychiatry%20and%20Medical%20Psychology/Wallace%20and%20Gach-2008-History%20of%20Psychiatry%20and%20Medical%20Psychology.pdf#page=413 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319140308/https://www.timothydavidson.com/Library/Books/Wallace-2008-History%20of%20Psychiatry%20and%20Medical%20Psychology/Wallace%20and%20Gach-2008-History%20of%20Psychiatry%20and%20Medical%20Psychology.pdf#page=413 | archive-date=March 19, 2025 | quote=In 1938 the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann produced lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)—the first, and most prominent, of these chemically synthesized agents—in the course of a systematic investigation of partially synthetic amides of lysergic acid in the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Basel (Hofmann 1970). [Taking] LSD by accident in 1943, Hofmann discovered its psychoactivity. He then experimented with it on himself and found that it produced a peculiar restlessness, extreme activity of the imagination, and an uninterrupted stream of images. Hofmann did not publish the results of his experiment, though he became quite famous later. Hofmann and Arthur Stoll, the head of the Sandoz pharmaceutical laboratory in Basle, published the first paper on the synthesis of LSD in 1943, while Stoll went on to publish the first paper on the effects of lysergic diethylamide acid in 1947. [...] Stoll, Arthur and Hofmann, Albert. 1943. Partialsynthese von Alkaloiden vom Typus des Ergobasins. Helv. Chim. Acta 26:944. Stoll, Arthur. 1947. Lysergsäure-diäthylamid, ein Phantastikum aus der Mutterkorngruppe. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 60:279. [The first paper on the hallucinogenic effect of LSD.]}}</ref><ref name="Horowitz1976">{{cite magazine | author=Michael Horowitz | title=Interview: Albert Hofmann | magazine=[[High Times]] | number=11 | date=July 1976 | pages=24–28, 31, 81 | url=https://bibliography.maps.org/resources/download/13725 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505231257/https://bibliography.maps.org/resources/download/13725 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2025-05-05 | quote = High Times: Why was it four years from your discovery of the psychic effects of LSD [in 1943] until your report was published? [...] Hofmann: [...] After confirmation of the action of this extraordinary compound by volunteers of the Sandoz staff, Professor Arthur Stoll, who was then head of the Sandoz pharmaceutical department, asked me if I would permit his son, Werner A. Stoll—who was starting his career at the psychiatric hospital of the University of Zurich—to submit this new agent to a fundamental psychiatric study on normal volunteers and on psychiatric patients. This investigation took a rather long time, [...] This excellent and comprehensive study was not published until 1947.}}</ref><ref name="StollHofmann1943">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stoll A, Hofmann A | title=Partialsynthese von Alkaloiden vom Typus des Ergobasins. (6. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide) | trans-title=Partial synthesis of ergobasine-type alkaloids. (6th report on ergot alkaloids) | journal=Helvetica Chimica Acta | volume=26 | issue=3 | date=3 May 1943 | issn=0018-019X | doi=10.1002/hlca.19430260326 | pages=944–965}}</ref><ref name="Stoll1947">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stoll WA | title = 11. Lysergsäure-diäthylamid, ein Phantastikum aus der Mutterkorngruppe | trans-title = 11. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, a Hallucinogen From the Ergot Group | journal = Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie | volume = 60 | issue = | date = 1947 | pages = 279–323 | issn = 0258-7661 | url = https://bibliography.maps.org/resources/download/16963| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250401005831/https://bibliography.maps.org/resources/download/16963 | archive-date = April 1, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Stoll1949">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stoll W | title = Ein neues, in sehr kleinen Mengen wirksames Phantastikum | trans-title = A New Phantasticum, Effective in Very Tiny Amounts | journal = Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie | volume = 64 | issue = | date = 1949 | pages = 483–484 | issn = 0258-7661 | url = https://bibliography.maps.org/resources/download/16676| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250401012040/https://bibliography.maps.org/resources/download/16676 | archive-date = April 1, 2025 }}</ref>

LSD was subject to exceptional interest within the field of [[psychiatry]] in the 1950s and early 1960s, with [[Sandoz]] distributing LSD to researchers under the trademark name Delysid in an attempt to find a marketable use for it.<ref name="Lee1992" /> During this period, LSD was controversially administered to hospitalised schizophrenic autistic children, with varying degrees of therapeutic success.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Freedman AM, Ebin EV, Wilson EA | title = Autistic schizophrenic children. An experiment in the use of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–213 | date = March 1962 | pmid = 13894863 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.1962.01710210019003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simmons JQ, Leiken SJ, Lovaas OI, Schaeffer B, Perloff B | title = Modification of autistic behavior with LSD-25 | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 122 | issue = 11 | pages = 1201–1211 | date = May 1966 | pmid = 5325567 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.122.11.1201 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sigafoos J, Green VA, Edrisinha C, Lancioni GE | title = Flashback to the 1960s: LSD in the treatment of autism | journal = Developmental Neurorehabilitation | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–81 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17608329 | doi = 10.1080/13638490601106277 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abramson HA | title = The use of LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) in the therapy of children (a brief review) | journal = The Journal of Asthma Research | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–143 | date = December 1967 | pmid = 4865578 | doi = 10.3109/02770906709104325 }}</ref>

LSD-assisted [[psychotherapy]] was used in the 1950s and early 1960s by psychiatrists such as [[Humphry Osmond]], who pioneered the application of LSD to the treatment of [[alcoholism]], with promising results.<ref name="Lee1992"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychiatric Research with Hallucinogens |website=www.druglibrary.org |url=https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/grob.htm |access-date=2021-07-26|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726203733/https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/grob.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Use of d-lysergic acid diethylamide">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chwelos N, Blewett DB, Smith CM, Hoffer A |title=Use of d-lysergic acid diethylamide in the treatment of alcoholism |journal=Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=577–590 |date=September 1959 |pmid=13810249 |doi=10.15288/qjsa.1959.20.577}}</ref><ref name="Lysergic acid diethylamide LSD fo">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krebs TS, Johansen PØ |title=Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=994–1002 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22406913 |doi=10.1177/0269881112439253 |s2cid=10677273}}</ref> Osmond coined the term "psychedelic" (mind manifesting) as a term for LSD and related [[hallucinogen]]s, superseding the previously held "[[psychotomimetic]]" model in which LSD was believed to mimic [[schizophrenia]]. In contrast to schizophrenia, LSD can induce [[Transcendence (philosophy)#Contemporary philosophy|transcendent]] experiences, or mental states that transcend the experience of everyday consciousness, with lasting psychological benefit.<ref name="Nichols2016" /><ref name="Lee1992" /> During this time, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) began using LSD in the research project [[Project MKUltra]], which used [[psychoactive substances]] to aid [[interrogation]]. The CIA administered LSD to unwitting test subjects to observe how they would react, the most well-known example of this being [[Operation Midnight Climax]].<ref name="Lee1992" /> LSD was one of several psychoactive substances evaluated by the [[U.S. Army Chemical Corps]] as possible non-lethal incapacitants in the [[Edgewood Arsenal human experiments]].<ref name="Lee1992" />

According to declassified CIA documents, it's possible that the american agency spread LSD on civilians in Europe in the 50s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-11 |title=French bread spiked with LSD in CIA experiment |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/7415082/French-bread-spiked-with-LSD-in-CIA-experiment.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-08-23 |title=Pont-Saint-Esprit poisoning: Did the CIA spread LSD? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-10996838 |access-date=2025-04-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In the 1960s, LSD and other psychedelics were adopted by and became synonymous with the [[counterculture movement]] due to their perceived ability to expand consciousness. This resulted in LSD being viewed as a cultural threat to American values and the [[Vietnam War]] effort, and it was designated as a [[List of Schedule I drugs (US)|Schedule I]] (illegal for medical as well as recreational use) substance in 1968.<ref>{{Cite book |author=United States Congress House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Subcommittee on Public Health and Welfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbY6xQEACAAJ |title=Increased Controls Over Hallucinogens and Other Dangerous Drugs |date=1968 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=August 3, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713014802/https://books.google.com/books?id=qbY6xQEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It was listed as a [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Schedule I|Schedule I controlled substance]] by the [[United Nations]] in 1971 and currently has no approved medical uses.<ref name="EU2018" /> {{As of|2017}}, about 10% of people in the United States have used LSD at some point in their lives, while 0.7% have used it in the last year.<ref name="NIH2018B">{{cite web|author=National Institute on Drug Abuse|title=Hallucinogens |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/hallucinogens |access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603125635/https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/hallucinogens|url-status=live}}</ref> It was most popular in the 1960s to 1980s.<ref name="EU2018" /> The use of LSD among US adults increased by 56.4% from 2015 to 2018.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yockey RA, Vidourek RA, King KA |title=Trends in LSD use among US adults: 2015–2018 |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=212 |pages=108071 |date=July 2020 |pmid=32450479 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108071 |s2cid=218893155}}</ref>

LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hofmann A |author-link=Albert Hofmann| translator=Ott J |title=LSD Ganz Persönlich |trans-title=LSD: Completely Personal |date=Summer 1969 |url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06346hof.html |journal=MAPS |volume=6 |issue=69 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206032629/http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06346hof.html |archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> by Swiss chemist [[Albert Hofmann]] at the [[Sandoz]] Laboratories in [[Basel]], Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful [[ergot alkaloid]] derivatives. The abbreviation "LSD" is from the German "Lysergsäurediethylamid".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNXeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342 |title=Medicinal Chemistry: A Molecular and Biochemical Approach |vauthors=Nogrady T, Weaver DF |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-028296-7 |page=342 |language=en |access-date=March 14, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133740/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medicinal_Chemistry/TNXeDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22LysergS%C3%A4ureDiethylamid%22+abreviation+LSD&pg=PT342 |archive-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref>

[[Image:Albert Hofmann.jpg|thumb|[[Albert Hofmann]] in 2006.]]

LSD's [[psychedelic]] properties were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical.<ref name="hyponichols">{{cite web |title=Hypothesis on Albert Hofmann's Famous 1943 "Bicycle Day" |url=http://www.erowid.org/general/conferences/conference_mindstates4_nichols.shtml |access-date=September 27, 2007 |vauthors=Nichols D |date=May 24, 2003 |website=Hofmann Foundation |archive-date=September 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922215008/http://www.erowid.org/general/conferences/conference_mindstates4_nichols.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943,<ref name="hofmann1980" /> when Hofmann ingested 250 [[μg]] of LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated.<ref name="histlsd">{{cite web |url=http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/lsd01.htm|title=History Of LSD |access-date=September 27, 2007 |vauthors=Hofmann A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904212518/http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/lsd01.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2007}}</ref> Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947 and marketed LSD as a psychiatric panacea, hailing it "as a cure for everything from schizophrenia to criminal behavior, 'sexual perversions', and alcoholism."<ref name="LSD: The Drug">{{cite report |date=Oct 1995 |chapter=LSD: The Drug |title=LSD in the United States |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration |chapter-url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/lsd/lsd-4.htm |access-date=November 27, 2010 |archive-date=April 27, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427145322/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/lsd/lsd-4.htm}}</ref> Sandoz would send the drug for free to researchers investigating its effects.<ref name="Hofmann2009"/>

[[File:Effects_of_Lysergic_Acid_Diethylamide_(LSD)_on_Troops_Marching.webm|thumb|left|upright=1.35|'Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) on Troops Marching' – 16mm film produced by the United States military circa 1958]]
Beginning in the 1950s, the US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) began a research program code-named [[Project MKUltra]].<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Marks J |title=The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control |date=1978 |publisher=Times Books |isbn=07139-12790 |location=U.S.A. |pages=57}}</ref> The CIA introduced LSD to the United States, purchasing the entire world's supply for $240,000 and propagating the LSD through CIA [[front organizations]] to American hospitals, clinics, prisons, and research centers.<ref>{{cite news |title=The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief' |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief |website=NPR.org |access-date=6 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628081520/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief |url-status=live }}</ref> Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public to study their reactions, usually without the subjects' knowledge. The project was revealed in the US congressional [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Rockefeller Commission report]] in 1975. However, the extent of the experiments conducted under Project MKUltra are still mostly unknown, as acting CIA director Richard Helms destroyed many of the key documents related to MKUltra in 1973.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Marks J |title=The Search for The Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control |publisher=Times Books |year=1978 |publication-date=1978 |pages=97 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1963, the Sandoz patents on LSD expired<ref name="henderson-glass"/> and the Czech company Spofa began to produce the substance.<ref name="Hofmann2009" /> Sandoz stopped the production and distribution in 1965.<ref name="Hofmann2009" />

Several figures, including [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Timothy Leary]], and [[Alfred Matthew Hubbard|Al Hubbard]], had begun to advocate the consumption of LSD. LSD became central to the counterculture of the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/cu/CU50.html |title=How LSD was popularized |vauthors=Brecher EM |collaboration=Editors of Consumer Reports Magazine |date=1972 |publisher=Druglibrary.org |access-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513233708/http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/cu/CU50.html |archive-date= 13 May 2012}}</ref> In the early 1960s the use of LSD and other hallucinogens was advocated by new proponents of consciousness expansion such as Leary, Huxley, [[Alan Watts]] and [[Arthur Koestler]],<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Applebaum A |author-link=Anne Applebaum |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/26/did-the-death-of-communis_n_435939.html |title=Did The Death Of Communism Take Koestler And Other Literary Figures With It? |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=26 January 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205175941/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/26/did-the-death-of-communis_n_435939.html |archive-date=5 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Out-Of-Sight!'' SMiLE Timeline |url=http://pages.cthome.net/tobelman/The_Out-Of-Sight_SMiLE_Site.html|access-date=October 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201234435/http://pages.cthome.net/tobelman/The_Out-Of-Sight_SMiLE_Site.html |archive-date=February 1, 2010}}</ref> and according to L. R. Veysey they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Veysey LR |title=[[The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America]] |location=Chicago IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1978 |isbn=0-226-85458-2 |page=437}}</ref>

On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/law/law_fed_staggers-dodd.pdf |author=United States Congress |title=Staggers-Dodd Bill, Public Law 90-639 |date=October 24, 1968 |access-date=September 8, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509025200/http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/law/law_fed_staggers-dodd.pdf |archive-date=May 9, 2010}}</ref> The last [[FDA]] approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n3/05303psy.html |vauthors=Gasser P |title=Psycholytic Therapy with MDMA and LSD in Switzerland |year=1994 |access-date=September 8, 2009 |url-status=live | archive-date=October 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011083518/http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n3/05303psy.html}}</ref>

In November 2020, Oregon became the first US state to decriminalize possession of small amounts of LSD after voters approved [[Oregon Ballot Measure 110|Ballot Measure 110]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oregon becomes first state to legalize magic mushrooms as more states ease drug laws in 'psychedelic renaissance'|vauthors=Feuer W|date=November 4, 2020 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/04/oregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-magic-mushrooms-as-more-states-ease-drug-laws.html |website=CNBC|access-date=November 7, 2020 |url-status=live|archive-date=November 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104155737/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/04/oregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-magic-mushrooms-as-more-states-ease-drug-laws.html}}</ref>