Editing Kazakhstan (section)

== Demographics ==
In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Kazakhstan ranks 25th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Kazakhstan's GHI score is 5.3, which indicates a low level of hunger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}</ref> {{Main|Demographics of Kazakhstan}}
{{See also|Kazakhs}}
[[File:Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg|alt=|thumb|[[Population pyramid]], 2023]]
[[File:Central Asia Ethnic en.svg|thumb|Central Asian ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992]]

The [[US Census Bureau]] International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9&nbsp;million (May 2019),<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Clock: World |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/kz |website=census.gov |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530184512/https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/kz |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> while United Nations sources such as {{UN Population|source}} give an estimate of {{UN Population|Kazakhstan}}. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 20&nbsp;million as of November 2023.<ref name="Негізгі">{{cite web |title=Негізгі |url=http://stat.gov.kz |website=stat.gov.kz |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530193655/http://stat.gov.kz/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7 percent growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/kazakhstans_population_increases_by_17_per_cent_over_a_year-2013_08_15-1026973 Kazakhstan's population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063807/http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/kazakhstans_population_increases_by_17_per_cent_over_a_year-2013_08_15-1026973 |date=8 December 2015 }}. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013</ref>

The 2009 population estimate is 6.8 percent higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3 and 51.7 percent of the population, respectively.

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Main|Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan}}

As of 2025, ethnic [[Kazakhs]] are 71.3 percent of the population and ethnic [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russians]] are 14.6 percent, although their numbers has declined since the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|breakup of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=uz |first=Daryo |date=2023-06-12 |title=Kazakhstan at 20 million: populations and possibilities |url=https://daryo.uz/en/2023/12/06/kazakhstan-at-20-million-populations-and-possibilities |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Daryo.uz |language=en}}</ref> Other groups include [[Tatars]] (1.1 percent), [[Ukrainians]] (1.8 percent), [[Uzbeks]] (3.3 percent), [[Germans]] (1.1 percent), [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] (1.5 percent), [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Dungans]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], [[Koreans]], [[Poles in the former Soviet Union|Poles]], and [[Lithuanians]]. Some minorities such as [[Ukrainians]], [[Koreans]], [[Volga Germans]], [[Chechens]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm Remembering Stalin's deportations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606174402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm |date=6 June 2013 }}, BBC News, 23 February 2004</ref> [[Meskhetian Turks]], and Russian political opponents of the regime, had been [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported to Kazakhstan]] in the 1930s and 1940s by Josef Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet [[labour camp]]s ([[Gulag]]) existed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104084902/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archive-date=4 January 2007 |title=Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 January 2007 |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Dzhasybay beach.jpg|thumb|Kazakhstanis on a [[Lake Jasybay]] beach, [[Pavlodar Region]] ]]

Significant Russian immigration was also connected with the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] and [[Soviet space program]] during the [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] era.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenall |first=Robert |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |title=Russians left behind in Central Asia |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2005 |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911080317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8 percent of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about one million [[Germans of Kazakhstan|Germans in Kazakhstan]], mostly descendants of the [[Volga Germans]] deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], most of them emigrated to Germany.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report/28051/kazakhstan-special-report-on-ethnic-germans Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125555/http://www.irinnews.org/report/28051/kazakhstan-special-report-on-ethnic-germans |date=8 December 2015 }}, IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005</ref> Most members of the smaller [[Pontian Greek]] minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of [[Koreans]] in the Soviet Union were [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deported to Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Asia's Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/central-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=openDemocracy|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109105937/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/central-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> These people are now known as [[Koryo-saram]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Samarkand to Seoul: Central Asian migrants in South Korea {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/from-samarkand-to-seoul-central-asian-migrants-in-south-korea|access-date=2021-01-05|website=eurasianet.org|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109014339/https://eurasianet.org/from-samarkand-to-seoul-central-asian-migrants-in-south-korea|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan|Ukrainians]] and [[Volga Germans]], a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kazakhstan – People|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and [[Oralman|immigration of ethnic Kazakhs]] from China, [[Mongolia]], and Russia.

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country.<ref>[https://www.akorda.kz/en/official_documents/constitution_ "Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.</ref> [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] (part of the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak sub-branch]] of the [[Turkic languages]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1|page= 22 |author1=Paul Brummell }}</ref> is proficiently spoken by 80.1% of the population according to 2021 census,<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=National composition, religion and language proficiency in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://stat.gov.kz/upload/medialibrary/cee/3rsfg8ps3xo19orb284esg4rx27ihqf7/Национальный%20состав.pdf |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=stat.gov.kz |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|323}} and has the status of "state language". [[Russian language|Russian]], on the other hand, is spoken by 83.7% as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm|title=The Languages spoken in Kazakhstan|website=Studycountry|language=en-US|access-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144650/http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> It has equal status to Kazakh as an "official language", and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kazakhstan-language/lost-in-translation-kazakh-leader-bans-cabinet-from-speaking-russian-idUSKCN1GB1EJ Lost in translation? Kazakh leader bans cabinet from speaking Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525033358/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kazakhstan-language/lost-in-translation-kazakh-leader-bans-cabinet-from-speaking-russian-idUSKCN1GB1EJ|date=25 May 2018}}". Reuters. 27 February 2018.</ref> However, only 63.4% of ethnic Kazakhs and 49.3% of the country's population are daily speakers of Kazakh language, according to the same census.<ref name="census"/>{{rp|382}}

The government announced in January 2015 that the [[Latin alphabet]] will replace [[Cyrillic]] as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.<ref name="inform.kz">[http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711 Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-language-to-be-converted-to-latin-alphabet-mcs-rk_a2741711|date=19 February 2017}}. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref> Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], and [[German language|German]]. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498|title=Kazakhstan in 2013|work=Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics|date=2014|page=33|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031425/http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498|archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> In Nazarbayev's resignation speech of 2019, he projected that the people of Kazakhstan in the future will speak three languages (Kazakh, Russian and English).<ref>{{cite web|title=Address of the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan|url=http://kazakhstanun.com/address-of-the-head-of-state-nursultan-nazarbayev-to-the-people-of-kazakhstan/|publisher=Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations|date=19 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322165432/http://kazakhstanun.com/address-of-the-head-of-state-nursultan-nazarbayev-to-the-people-of-kazakhstan/|archive-date=22 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Kazakhstan}}

{{Bar box
| title=Religion in Kazakhstan (2021 census)<ref name="2021EthnicStatistics"/><ref name="Viktorova"/>
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam]]|green|69.3}}
{{Bar percent|[[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christianity]]|blue|17.2}}
{{Bar percent|No response|red|11.01}}
{{Bar percent|[[Irreligion in Kazakhstan|Atheism]]|grey|2.25}}
{{Bar percent|[[Religion in Kazakhstan|Other religions]]|purple|0.2}}
}}
[[File:Grand Mosque in Astana, Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|The [[Astana Grand Mosque]] in the capital Astana. Islam is the majority religion in the country.]]
[[File:Zenkov Cathedral Winter.jpg|thumb|[[Ascension Cathedral, Almaty|Ascension Cathedral]] in Almaty]]
[[File:Караганда, Собор Пресвятой Девы Марии Фатимской.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima, Karaganda|Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima]] is the biggest Catholic church in Central Asia.]]

According to the 2021 census, 69.3% of the population is [[Islam in Kazakhstan|Muslim]], 17.2% are [[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christian]], 0.2% follow [[Religion in Kazakhstan|other religions]] (mostly [[Buddhism in Kazakhstan|Buddhist]] and [[History of the Jews in Kazakhstan|Jewish]]), 11.01% chose not to answer, and 2.25% identify as [[atheist]].<ref name="2021EthnicStatistics"/><ref name="Viktorova"/>

Kazakhstan is a [[secular state]] whose constitution guarantees religious freedoms. Article 39 of the constitution states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or not to indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council affirmed these rights in a 2009 declaration, which stated that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AsiaNews.it|title=Restrictive new law on religious freedom is unconstitutional|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Restrictive-new-law-on-religious-freedom-is-unconstitutional-14477.html|access-date=2021-01-05|publisher=www.asianews.it|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108041316/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Restrictive-new-law-on-religious-freedom-is-unconstitutional-14477.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam]] is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]. After decades of [[Religion in the Soviet Union|religious suppression by the Soviet Union]], the coming of independence witnessed a surge in the expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of [[Religion|religious beliefs]] and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of mosques, churches, and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.<ref name="kazakhrel" />

Some figures show that [[non-denominational Muslims]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |access-date=27 December 2016 |date=9 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] following the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1|page= 23 |author1=Paul Brummell }}</ref> These include ethnic [[Kazakhs]], who constitute about 7% of the population, as well as ethnic [[Uzbeks]], [[Uighurs]], and [[Tatars]].<ref name="usstate">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002182320/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm |date=2 October 2017 }} U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Less than 1% are part of the Sunni [[Shafi`i]] school (primarily [[Chechens]]). There are also some [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 | title=KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage | publisher=Forum 18 | access-date=6 June 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214920/http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 | archive-date=6 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> There are a total of 2,300 mosques,<ref name="kazakhrel">[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english/ Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511052119/http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english |date=11 May 2010 }} Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme [[mufti]].<ref>[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/121/35/lang,english/ Islam in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918045538/http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/121/35/lang,english/ |date=18 September 2009 }}. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1498 | title=KAZAKHSTAN: "Mosques cannot be independent" | publisher=Forum 18 | access-date=6 June 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205847/http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1498 | archive-date=6 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Eid al-Adha]] is recognised as a national holiday.<ref name="kazakhrel" /> One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.<ref name="USCOIRFk2009">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm |title=Kazakhstan |work=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522225421/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm |archive-date=22 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Christian groups include [[Catholic Church in Kazakhstan|Roman Catholics]], [[Greek Catholics]], and [[Protestants]].<ref name="usstate" /> There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches (9 [[Greek Catholic]]), and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox Christmas is recognised as a national holiday in Kazakhstan.<ref name="kazakhrel" /> Other religious groups include Judaism, the [[Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan|Baháʼí Faith]], [[Hinduism in Kazakhstan|Hinduism]], [[Buddhism in Central Asia|Buddhism]], and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref name="usstate" />

According to the 2009 Census data, there are few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |title=Нац состав.rar |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723084232/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Palace of Arts Shabyt.jpg|thumb|Kazakh National University of Arts]]

Education is universal and mandatory through to the [[Secondary education|secondary level]] and the [[List of countries by literacy rate|adult literacy rate]] is 99.5%.<ref name="collegeatlas">{{cite web | url=http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html | title=Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities | publisher=CollegeAtlas | access-date=3 June 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223224/http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html | archive-date=6 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On average, these statistics are equal for both women and men in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1|page= 24 |author1=Paul Brummell }}</ref>

Education consists of three main phases: primary education (forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts three or four years.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web | url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ | title=Vocational Education in Kazakhstan | date=August 2012 | access-date=3 June 2014 | author=UNESCO-UNEVOC | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000448/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ | archive-date=7 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, magnet schools, [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]], [[Lyceum#Lyceums in today's education|lyceums]] and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or technical schools, lyceums or colleges and vocational schools.<ref name="collegeatlas" />

At present, there are [[List of universities in Kazakhstan|universities]], [[Academy|academies]] and institutes, [[College or university school of music|conservatories]], higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic higher education that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the [[Bachelor's degree]]; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the master's degree. Postgraduate education leads to the ''[[Candidate of Sciences]]'' (''Kandidat Nauk'') and the ''[[Doctor of Sciences]]'' (''Doktor Nauk''). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed.

Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $9&nbsp;million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and Kyzylorda.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/more_than_25_thousand_students_get_loans_in_kazakhstan-2013_07_26-1033423 More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051507/http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/more_than_25_thousand_students_get_loans_in_kazakhstan-2013_07_26-1033423 |date=8 December 2015 }}. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</ref>

The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $100&nbsp;million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan.<ref name=WB11>{{cite web|title=World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan|url=http://finchannel.com/index.php/society/jobs/item/42191-world-bank-supports-better-skills-for-quality-jobs-in-kazakhstan|website=Finchannel.com|access-date=14 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309080855/http://finchannel.com/index.php/society/jobs/item/42191-world-bank-supports-better-skills-for-quality-jobs-in-kazakhstan|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> The project aims to provide training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and employees in need of training.<ref name="WB11" />