Editing Karate (section)

===Europe===
[[File:Karate in Lappeenranta, Finland.jpg|thumb|Karate movements in [[Lappeenranta]]]]
In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in Europe, but it was not until 1965 that the Japan Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe four well-trained young Karate instructors [[Taiji Kase]], [[Keinosuke Enoeda]], [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]] and [[Hiroshi Shirai]].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained always a strong link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, especially [[Hidetaka Nishiyama]] in the US

====France====
France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in 1965 [[Taiji Kase]] came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA.

====Italy====
[[Hiroshi Shirai]], one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and quickly established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the most spread martial art in Italy apart from Judo. Other styles such as [[Wado Ryu]], [[Goju Ryu]] and [[Shito Ryu]], are present and well established in Italy, while [[Shotokan]] remains the most popular.

====United Kingdom====
{{main|Karate in the United Kingdom}}
[[Vernon Bell]], a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed by [[Kenshiro Abbe]] introduced Karate to England in 1956, having attended classes in [[Henry Plée]]'s [[Yoseikan]] ''dōjō'' in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by [[Minoru Mochizuki]], a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with [[Gichin Funakoshi]], thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan.<ref name="UK History" /> Bell began teaching in the tennis courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to become the British Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam 3rd Dan, billed as "Karate champion of Indo China", was invited to teach by Bell at Maybush Road, but the first instructor from Japan was [[Tetsuji Murakami]] (1927–1987) a 3rd Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in England in July 1959.<ref name="UK History" /> In 1959, Frederick Gille set up the Liverpool branch of the British Karate Federation, which was officially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool branch was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Club in Chatham Street before relocating to the YMCA in Everton where it became known as the Red Triangle. One of the early members of this branch was [[Andy Sherry]] who had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up the first Karate study group in [[Ayrshire]], Scotland having attended Bell's third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.<ref name="UK History" />

Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under [[Masatoshi Nakayama]] of the [[Japan Karate Association]] who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan.<ref name="UK History" /> [[Shotokai]] Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another of [[Gichin Funakoshi]]'s students, [[Mitsusuke Harada]].<ref name="UK History" /> Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, [[Wado Ryu]] Karate was also an early adopted style in the UK, introduced by [[Tatsuo Suzuki (martial artist)|Tatsuo Suzuki]], a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.

Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the UK, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially came to the UK. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratified in Shotokan having apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and without enforcing a grading on Bell, ratified his black belt on 5 February 1964, though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next year [[Taiji Kase]], [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]], [[Keinosuke Enoeda]] and [[Hiroshi Shirai]] gave the first JKA demo at the old [[Old Town Hall, Kensington|Kensington Town Hall]] on 21 April 1965. [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]] and [[Keinosuke Enoeda]] stayed and Murakami left (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan Shotokai under Harada).<ref name="UK History">{{cite web |url=http://www.bushinkai.org.uk/page47.htm |title=Exclusive: UK Karate History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223124026/http://www.bushinkai.org.uk/page47.htm |archive-date=23 February 2014 |publisher=Bushinkai}}</ref>

In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the [[Karate Union of Great Britain]] (KUGB) under [[Hirokazu Kanazawa]] as chief instructor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm |title=International Association of Shotokan Karate (IASK) |publisher=Karate-iask.com |access-date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529123123/http://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and affiliated to JKA. [[Keinosuke Enoeda]] came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a ''dōjō'' in [[Liverpool]]. Kanazawa left the UK after 3 years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda's death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortly after this, a new association split off from KUGB, [[JKA England]].
An earlier significant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of [[Taiji Kase]], formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 to pursue the teaching of "Budo" karate as opposed to what he viewed as "sport karate". Kase sought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing among other things open hand and throwing techniques that had been side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase's death in 2004) continue following this path today.
In 1975, Great Britain became the first team ever to take the World male team title from Japan after being defeated the previous year in the final.