Editing Islamism (section)

===Early history===
The end of the 19th century saw the dismemberment of most of the Muslim [[Ottoman Empire]] by non-Muslim European colonial powers,<ref>Mortimer, Edward, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), p. 85</ref> despite the empire's spending massive sums on Western civilian and military technology to try to modernize and compete with the encroaching European powers. In the process the Ottomans went deep into debt to these powers.

Preaching Islamic alternatives to this humiliating decline were Jamal ad-din [[al-Afghani]] (1837–97), [[Muhammad Abduh]] (1849–1905) and [[Rashid Rida]] (1865–1935).<ref>Mortimer, Edward, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), pp. 93, 237–40, 249</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'', Macmillan Reference, 2004, v.2, p. 609</ref><ref>''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' by Cyril Glasse, Rowman and Littlefield, 2001, p. 19</ref><ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' by John L. Esposito, OUP, 2003, p. 275
</ref><ref>''Historical Dictionary of Islam'' by Ludwig W. Wadamed, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p. 233</ref> Abduh's student Rida is widely regarded as one of the "ideological forefathers" of contemporary Islamist movement,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meleagrou-Hitchens|first=Alexander|url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Salafism%2520in%2520America.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj7wbq0oIjzAhWo4nMBHQUfAXMQFnoECA8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1QqUsie74bpzia9SWtxRXB|title=Salafism in America|publisher=The George Washington University|year=2018|page=65}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and along with early Salafiyya [[Hassan al-Banna]],and [[Mustafa al-Siba'i]], preached that a truly Islamic society would follow sharia law, reject [[taqlid]], (the blind imitation of earlier authorities),<ref>''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'' by Caryle Murphy, p. 46</ref> restore the [[Caliphate]].<ref name=ORFPI1994:33>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p.33</ref>

====Sayyid Rashid Rida====
{{See also|Rashid Rida#Islamic Political Theory|The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)|label 1=Islamic Political Doctrines of Rashid Rida}}
[[File:RashidRida2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Rida]] ({{langx|ar|سيد رشيد رضا}}; 23 September 1865 – 22 August 1935).]]

Syrian-Egyptian Islamic cleric Muhammad Rashid Rida was one of the earliest 20th-century Sunni scholars to articulate the modern concept of an [[Islamic state]], influencing the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and other Sunni Islamist movements. In his influential book ''al-Khilafa aw al-Imama al-'Uzma'' ("''The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate''"); Rida explained that that societies that properly obeyed ''[[Sharia]]'' would be successful alternatives to the disorder and injustice of both [[capitalism]] and [[socialism]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=McHugo|first=John|title=A Concise History of the Arabs|publisher=The New Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59558-950-7|location=New York, N.Y. |page=287}}</ref>

This society would be ruled by a Caliphate; the ruling [[Caliph]] (''Khalifa'') governing through ''[[shura]]'' (consultation), and applying [[Sharia]] (Islamic laws) in partnership with Islamic juristic clergy, who would use ''Ijtihad'' to update ''[[fiqh]]'' by evaluating scripture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Enayat|first=Hamid|title=Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of the Shi'i and SunnI Muslims to the Twentieth Century|publisher=The Macmillan Press Ltd|year=1982|isbn=978-0-333-27969-4|location=London|pages=69, 77}}</ref> With the ''[[Caliphate|Khilafa]]'' providing true Islamic governance, Islamic civilization would be revitalised, the political and legal independence of the Muslim ''umma'' (community of Muslim believers) would be restored, and the heretical influences of Sufism would be cleansed from Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=C. Martin|first=Richard|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Second Edition|publisher=Gale Publishers|year=2016|isbn=978-0-02-866269-5|location=Farmington Hills, Michigan|page=1088|chapter=State and Government}}</ref> This doctrine would become the blueprint of future Islamist movements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Ruiheng|year=2016|title=A Preliminary Study on the "Islamic State" Thought in Modern Islamism|journal=Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)|publisher=Routledge: Taylor & Francis group|volume=10|issue=4|page=27|doi=10.1080/19370679.2016.12023291|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Muhammad Iqbal====
{{main|Muhammad Iqbal}}
{{see also|Two-nation theory}}

[[Muhammad Iqbal]] was a philosopher, poet and politician<ref name="aml.org.pk"/> in [[British Raj|British India]],<ref name="aml.org.pk"/><ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|title=Iqbal Academy Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2014|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> widely regarded as having inspired the [[Two-Nation Theory|Islamic Nationalism]] and [[Pakistan Movement]] in [[British India]].<ref name="aml.org.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html|title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher, Poet, and Political leader|publisher=Aml.Org.pk|access-date=2 March 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305000639/http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="goethezeitportal">{{cite web|author=Anil Bhatti |work=Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India |url=http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf |title=Iqbal and Goethe |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030083304/http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name="rahnemaa01">{{cite journal |last=Rahnemaa |first=Saeed |title=Radical Islamism and Failed Developmentalism |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=483–96 |doi=10.1080/01436590801931462 |year=2008 |s2cid=144880260 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/995659 |access-date=24 September 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004075512/https://zenodo.org/record/995659 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Iqbal expressed fears of [[secularism]] and secular [[nationalism]] weakening the spiritual foundations of Islam and [[Muslim]] society, and of India's [[Hindu]]-majority population crowding out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In 
1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India which inspired the [[Pakistan movement]].

He also promoted [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic unity]] in his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] and Syria.

His ideas later influenced many [[Reformism|reformist]] Islamists, e.g., [[Muhammad Asad]], [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]] and [[Ali Shariati]].

====Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi====
{{main|Abul Ala Maududi}}
{{see also|Jamaat-e-Islami}}

[[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]]<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/politics/mawdudi2.html|title=Maulana Maududi's Two-Nation Theory|publisher=Witness-pioneer.org|date=27 January 2012|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=10 November 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011110145907/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/politics/mawdudi2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bonney1">{{cite book | quote=Mawdudi trained with two Deobandi ulama at the Fatihpuri mosque's seminary in Delhi and received his certificates to teach religious sciences (ijazahs) in 1926. |last=Bonney | first=R |title=Jihad: From Qur'an to Bin Laden | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | location=Hampshire |year=2004 | page=201}}</ref> was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan. Maududi was an Islamist ideologue and Hanafi Sunni scholar active in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]] and later in [[Pakistan]]. Maududi was born to a clerical family and got his early education at home. At the age of eleven, he was admitted to a public school in [[Aurangabad]]. In 1919, he joined the [[Khilafat Movement]] and got closer to the scholars of [[Deobandi movement|Deoband]].{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=100}} He commenced the ''[[Dars-i Nizami]]'' education under supervision of Deobandi seminary at the Fatihpuri mosque in Delhi.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=101}} Trained as a lawyer he worked as a journalist, and gained a wide audience with his books (translated into many languages) which placed Islam in a modern context. His writings had a profound impact on [[Sayyid Qutb]]. Maududi also founded the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|pp=104–110}}

In 1925, he wrote a book on Jihad, [[Al Jihad fil Islam|''al-Jihad fil-Islam'']] ({{langx|ar|الجهاد في الاسلام}}), that can be regarded as his first contribution to Islamism.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=102}} Maududi believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia (influencing Qutb and Khomeini), and the establishment of an Islamic state to enforce it.<ref>Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, "Political Theory of Islam", in Khurshid Ahmad, ed., ''Islam: Its Meaning and Message'' (London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1976), pp. 159–61.</ref> The state would be based on the principles of: ''[[tawhid]]'' (unity of God), ''[[risalah (fiqh)|risala]]'' (prophethood) and ''[[khilafa]]'' (caliphate).<ref>Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, ''Islamic Way of Life'' (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami, 1967), p. 40</ref><ref>Esposito and Piscatori, "Democratization and Islam", pp. 436–37, 440</ref><ref>Esposito, ''The Islamic Threat'', pp. 125–26; Voll and Esposito, ''Islam and Democracy'', pp. 23–26.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Abul A'la Maududi |url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/M_PIR/Default.htm |title=The Process of Islamic Revolution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908034259/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/M_PIR/Default.htm |archive-date=8 September 2015 |date=1980}}</ref> Maududi was uninterested in violent revolution or populist policies such as those of the [[Iranian Revolution]], but sought gradual change in the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or ''da'wah''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Vali Reza|title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford and New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC&q=islam%20was%20a%20revolutionary%20ideology%20and%20a%20dynamic%20movement&pg=PA50 |ref=SVRN1996|page=77|isbn=978-0195357110}}
</ref><ref>Maududi on social justice: "a man who owns a car can drive it; and those who do not own one should walk; and those who are crippled cannot walk but can hop along." (''Nizam al-Hayat fi al-Islam'', 1st ed., n.d. (Bayrut: Musassast al-Risalah, 1983), p. 54) See also ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb'' by Ahmad S. Moussalli American University of Beirut, (1992)</ref> Maududi believed that Islam was all-encompassing: "Everything in the universe is 'Muslim' for it obeys God by submission to His laws."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|chapter=The Meaning of Islam|page=7|title=A. Maududi's 'Towards Understanding Islam'|date=June 2008|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174239/https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> "The man who denies God is called [[Kafir]] (concealer) because he conceals by his disbelief what is inherent in his nature and embalmed in his own soul."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|chapter=The Meaning of Islam|page=8|title=A. Maududi's 'Towards Understanding Islam'|date=June 2008|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174239/https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="towards-ICNA-1986">{{cite book |last1=Abul ʻAla Maudoodi |first1=Syed |title=Towards Understanding Islam |date=1986 |publisher=Islamic Circle of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzgNAQAAMAAJ&q=Everything+in+the+universe+is+%27Muslim%27+for+it+obeys+God+by+submission+to+His+laws...+The+man+who+denies+God+is+called+%5B%5BKafir%5D%5D+(concealer)+because+he+conceals+by+his+disbelief+what+is+inherent+in+his+nature+and+embalmed+in+his+own+soul. |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002215436/https://books.google.com/books?id=FzgNAQAAMAAJ&q=Everything%20in%20the%20universe%20is%20%27Muslim%27%20for%20it%20obeys%20God%20by%20submission%20to%20His%20laws...%20The%20man%20who%20denies%20God%20is%20called%20%5B%5BKafir%5D%5D%20%28concealer%29%20because%20he%20conceals%20by%20his%20disbelief%20what%20is%20inherent%20in%20his%20nature%20and%20embalmed%20in%20his%20own%20soul. |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Muslim Brotherhood====
{{main|Muslim Brotherhood}}
[[File:Hassan al-Banna - Al-Alam, V2, P 233.jpg|thumb|[[Hasan al-Banna]]]]
Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by [[Hassan al Banna]]. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto "the Qur'an is our constitution",<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf |chapter=The Meaning of Islam |page=7 |title=The Message of the Teachings – Hasan al-Banna |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174239/https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all Western imperialist influence in the Muslim world.<ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2012 |title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–85 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2012.644986 |s2cid=144873457 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004093428/https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some elements of the Brotherhood did engage in violence, assassinating Egypt's premier [[Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha|Mahmoud Fahmy El Nokrashy]] in 1948. MB founder [[Hassan al Banna|Al-Banna]] was assassinated in retaliation three months later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html|title=Egypt, A Timeline of Recent Events|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=17 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217104055/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]], who jailed thousands of members for several years.

The Brotherhood expanded to many other countries, particularly in the [[Arab world]]. In Egypt, despite periodic repression—for many years it was
described as "semi-legal"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193396891&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Free Republic. The day before, and after – It's been 25 years since the Islamist genie first went on the rampage |publisher=Fr.jpost.com |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223182128/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193396891&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=23 December 2011 }}</ref>—it was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections.<ref name="multiref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html |title=The Islamism Debate: God's Counterculture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403133042/http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html |archive-date=3 April 2008 |author=Sonja Zekri |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=2008 |translator=Phyllis Anderson}}</ref> In the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election]], the political parties identified as "Islamist" (the Brotherhood's [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]], Salafi [[Al-Nour Party]] and liberal Islamist [[Al-Wasat Party]]) won 75% of the total seats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html |title=Islamists Win 70% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament |work=The New York Times |date=21 January 2012 |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105215/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mohamed Morsi]], the candidate of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]'s party, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. However, he was deposed during the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]], after mass protests against what were perceived as undemocratic moves by him. Today, the Muslim Brotherhood is designated as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organization]] by [[Bahrain]], Russia, [[Syria]], [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].

====Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966)====
{{main|Milestones (book)}}
{{see also|Sayyid Qutb|Qutbism}}
[[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sayyid Qutb]]]]

Qutb, a leading member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, is considered by some (Fawaz A. Gerges) to be "the founding father and leading theoretician" of modern jihadists, such as [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>Fawaz A. Gerges, ''The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global'' (Bronxville, N.Y.: Sarah Lawrence College) {{ISBN|978-0521791403}} prologue</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|title=How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017060150/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2014 |title=The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy |journal=Comparative Philosophy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 }}</ref> He was executed for allegedly participating in a presidential assassination plot in 1966.

Maududi's political ideas influenced Sayyid Qutb. Like Maududi, he believed Sharia was crucial to Islam, so the restoration of its full enforcement was vital to the world. Since Sharia had not been fully enforced for centuries, Islam had "been extinct for a few centuries".<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', The Mother Mosque Foundation, (1981), p. 11, 19</ref> Qutb preached that Muslims must engage in a two-pronged attack of converting individuals through [[Dawah|preaching Islam]] peacefully but also using "physical power and jihad".<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', p.55</ref> Force was necessary because "those who have usurped the authority of God" would not give up their power through friendly persuasion.<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', p.59</ref>
Like Khomeini, whom he influenced he believed the West was engaged in a vicious centuries long war against Islam.<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', pp.124, 116, 160</ref>