Editing Ireland (section)

===Science===
[[File:Robert Boyle 0001.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Boyle]] formulated Boyle's Law.]]
The Irish philosopher and theologian [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]] was considered one of the leading intellectuals of the early Middle Ages. Sir [[Ernest Henry Shackleton]], an Irish explorer, was one of the principal figures of Antarctic exploration. He, along with his expedition, made the first ascent of [[Mount Erebus]] and the discovery of the approximate location of the [[South Magnetic Pole]]. [[Robert Boyle]] was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and early [[gentleman scientist]]. He is largely regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of [[Boyle's law]].<ref name="ucc boyle boi">{{cite web |last=Reville |first=William |title=Ireland's Scientific Heritage |website=Understanding Science: Famous Irish Scientists |publisher=[[University College Cork]], Faculty of Science |date=14 December 2000 |url=http://undersci.ucc.ie/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2014/11/Robert_Boyle.pdf |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125738/http://undersci.ucc.ie/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2014/11/Robert_Boyle.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

19th-century physicist, [[John Tyndall]], discovered the [[Tyndall effect]]. [[Father Nicholas Joseph Callan]], professor of natural philosophy in [[Maynooth College]], is best known for his invention of the [[induction coil]], [[transformer]] and he discovered an early method of [[galvanisation]] in the 19th century.

Other notable Irish [[physicists]] include [[Ernest Walton]], winner of the 1951 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. With [[Sir John Douglas Cockcroft]], he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of [[wave equation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/press.html?print=1 |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 – Presentation Speech |first=Professor I. |last=Waller |website=NobelPrize.org |publisher=Alfred Nobel Memorial Foundation |date=1951 |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511020259/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/press.html?print=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> William Thomson, or [[Lord Kelvin]], is the person whom the absolute temperature unit, the [[kelvin]], is named after. Sir [[Joseph Larmor]], a physicist and mathematician, made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a book on theoretical physics published in 1900.<ref name="physicsworld">{{Cite news |first=Mark |last=McCartney |title=William Thomson: king of Victorian physics |work=[[Physics World]] |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484 |date=1 December 2002 |access-date=22 November 2008 |archive-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715173557/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>

[[George Johnstone Stoney]] introduced the term ''[[electron]]'' in 1891. [[John Stewart Bell]] was the originator of [[Bell's Theorem]] and a paper concerning the discovery of the [[Chiral anomaly|Bell-Jackiw-Adler anomaly]] and was nominated for a Nobel prize.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Bell: Belfast street named after physicist who proved Einstein wrong |publisher=BBC News |date=19 February 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-31536765 |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151551/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-31536765 |url-status=live }}</ref> The astronomer [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]], from [[Lurgan]], County Armagh, discovered pulsars in 1967. Notable mathematicians include Sir [[William Rowan Hamilton]], famous for work in [[Hamiltonian mechanics|classical mechanics]] and the invention of [[quaternions]]. [[Francis Ysidro Edgeworth]]'s contribution, the [[Edgeworth Box]]. remains influential in neo-classical microeconomic theory to this day; while [[Richard Cantillon]] inspired [[Adam Smith]], among others. [[John B. Cosgrave]] was a specialist in [[number theory]] and discovered a 2000-digit [[prime number]] in 1999 and a record composite [[Fermat number]] in 2003. [[John Lighton Synge]] made progress in different fields of science, including mechanics and geometrical methods in general relativity. He had mathematician [[John Forbes Nash Jr.|John Nash]] as one of his students. [[Kathleen Lonsdale]], born in Ireland and most known for her work with [[X-ray crystallography|crystallography]], became the first female president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.science.ie/features/archived-feature-articles/five-irish-scientists.html |title=Five Irish Scientists Who Put Chemistry on the Map |work=Science.ie |publisher=Science Foundation Ireland |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129072340/http://www.science.ie/features/archived-feature-articles/five-irish-scientists.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ireland has nine universities, seven in the Republic of Ireland and two in Northern Ireland, including [[Trinity College Dublin]] and the [[University College Dublin]], as well as numerous third-level colleges and institutes and a branch of the Open University, the [[Open University in Ireland]]. Ireland was ranked 19th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>