Editing Indigenous peoples (section)

===Oceania===
{{main|Indigenous peoples of Oceania}}
{{See also|:Category:Indigenous peoples of Oceania}}

==== Australia ====
[[File:1981 event Australian aboriginals.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal Australian]] dancers]]
In Australia, the Indigenous populations are the [[Aboriginal Australian]] peoples (comprising many different nations and [[Aboriginal Australian languages|language groups]]) and the [[Torres Strait Islander]] peoples (also with sub-groups). These two groups are often referred to as [[Indigenous Australians]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous Australians: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/indigenous-australians-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders |date=12 July 2020 |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922082846/https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/indigenous-australians-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people |url-status=live }}</ref> although terms such as First Nations<ref>{{cite web | title=First Nations Arts and Culture | website=[[Australia Council for the Arts]] | url=https://australiacouncil.gov.au/advocacy-and-research/first-nations-arts-and-culture/ | access-date=16 October 2021 | archive-date=16 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016074051/https://australiacouncil.gov.au/advocacy-and-research/first-nations-arts-and-culture/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and First Peoples are also used.<ref>{{cite web | title=Australia's First Peoples | website=AIATSIS | date=30 June 2021 | url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/australias-first-peoples | access-date=16 October 2021 | archive-date=16 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016074051/https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/australias-first-peoples | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Pacific Islands ====
[[Polynesians|Polynesian]], [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] and [[Micronesians|Micronesian]] peoples originally populated many of the present-day [[Pacific Island]] countries in the [[Oceania]] region over the course of thousands of years. European, [[American colonialism|American]], [[History of Easter Island|Chilean]] and [[Japanese colonies|Japanese]] colonial expansion in the Pacific brought many of these areas under non-Indigenous administration, mainly during the 19th century. During the 20th century, several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states formed under local control. However, various peoples have put forward claims for Indigenous recognition where their islands are still under external administration; examples include the [[Chamorros]] of [[Guam]] and the [[Northern Marianas]], and the [[Marshallese people|Marshallese]] of the [[Marshall Islands]]. Some islands remain under administration from Paris, Washington, London or [[Wellington]].
[[File:Papua 20160808 0449.jpg|thumb|[[Dani people]] from the central highlands of [[western New Guinea]]]]
The remains of at least 25 miniature humans, who lived between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago, were recently found on the islands of [[Palau]] in Micronesia.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/mar/12/fossils Pygmy human remains found on rock islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031358/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/mar/12/fossils |date=28 December 2016 }}, Science | ''The Guardian'', 12 March 2008.</ref>

In most parts of Oceania, Indigenous peoples outnumber the descendants of colonists. Exceptions include Australia, New Zealand and [[Hawaii]]. In New Zealand, based on various factors including census data and self-identification, the proportion of full or part [[Māori people|Māori]] of the population on 30 June 2021 was estimated to be 17%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Māori population estimates: At 30 June 2021 {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/maori-population-estimates-at-30-june-2021|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.stats.govt.nz|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116072109/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/maori-population-estimates-at-30-june-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Māori developed from Polynesian people who settled in New Zealand after migrations from other Pacific islands, probably in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief History of New Zealand {{!}} New Zealand Now |url=https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/live-in-new-zealand/history-government/a-brief-history|access-date=2022-01-16 |website=www.newzealandnow.govt.nz|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116073612/https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/live-in-new-zealand/history-government/a-brief-history|url-status=live}}</ref> Many leaders of Māori nations ([[iwi]]) signed a written agreement with the British Crown in 1840, known as the [[Treaty of Waitangi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signing of the Treaty {{!}} Waitangi Tribunal |url=https://www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz/treaty-of-waitangi/signing-of-the-treaty/|access-date=2022-01-16 |website=www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116074717/https://www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz/treaty-of-waitangi/signing-of-the-treaty/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Independence |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/declaration-of-independence-taming-the-frontier|access-date=2022-01-16 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711075427/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/declaration-of-independence-taming-the-frontier |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archives New Zealand {{!}}{{!}} The declaration of the independence of new zealand |url=https://www.archives.govt.nz/discover-our-stories/the-declaration-of-independence-of-new-zealand|access-date=2022-01-16 |website=www.archives.govt.nz|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116074717/https://www.archives.govt.nz/discover-our-stories/the-declaration-of-independence-of-new-zealand|url-status=live}}</ref>

A majority of the [[Papua New Guinea]] population is Indigenous, with more than 700 different nationalities recognized in a total population of 8&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15436981|title= Papua New Guinea country profile|date= 2018|work= BBC News|access-date= 1 February 2018|archive-date= 2 February 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180202034750/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15436981|url-status= live}}</ref> The country's constitution and key statutes identify traditional or custom-based practices and land tenure, and explicitly set out to promote the viability of these traditional societies within the modern state. However, conflicts and disputes concerning land use and resource rights continue between indigenous groups, the government, and corporate entities.