Editing History of Scotland (section)

===Emigration===
[[File:Andrew Carnegie's statue, Dunfermline.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of industrialist [[Andrew Carnegie]] in his home town of [[Dunfermline]]]]
The population of Scotland grew steadily in the 19th century, from 1,608,000 in the census of 1801 to 2,889,000 in 1851 and 4,472,000 in 1901.<ref>A. K. Cairncross, ''The Scottish Economy: A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University'' (Glasgow: Glasgow University Press, 1953), p. 10.</ref> Even with the development of industry there were insufficient good jobs; as a result, during the period 1841–1931, about 2 million Scots emigrated to North America and Australia, and another 750,000 Scots relocated to England.<ref name=Huston&Knox2001pxxxii/> Scotland lost a much higher proportion of its population than England and Wales,<ref name="Thompson1990pp9-10">F. M. L. Thompson, ''The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750 –1950: People and Their Environment'' (Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 9–10.</ref> reaching perhaps as much as 30.2 per cent of its [[natural increase]] from the 1850s onwards.<ref>C. Williams, ''A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain'' (John Wiley and Sons, 2004), p. 508.</ref> This not only limited Scotland's population increase, but meant that almost every family lost members due to emigration and, because more of them were young males, it skewed the sex and age ratios of the country.<ref name=Thompson1990pp9-10/>

Scots-born emigrants that played a leading role in the foundation and development of the United States included cleric and revolutionary [[John Witherspoon]],<ref>J. H. Morrison, ''John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic'' (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005).</ref> sailor [[John Paul Jones]], industrialist and philanthropist [[Andrew Carnegie]], and scientist and inventor [[Alexander Graham Bell]].<ref>J. S. Sawyers, ''Famous Firsts of Scottish-Americans'' (Pelican, 1996).</ref> In Canada they included soldier and governor of Quebec [[James Murray (Quebec governor)|James Murray]], Prime Minister [[John A. Macdonald]] and politician and social reformer [[Tommy Douglas]].<ref>{{Citation |last=J. M. Bunsted |title=Scots |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007222 |encyclopedia=Canadian Encyclopedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523135213/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007222 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> For Australia they included soldier and governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]], governor and scientist [[Thomas Brisbane]] and Prime Minister [[Andrew Fisher]].<ref>M. D. Prentis, ''The Scots in Australia'' (Sydney NSW: UNSW Press, 2008).</ref> For New Zealand they included politician [[Peter Fraser]] and outlaw [[James Mckenzie (outlaw)|James Mckenzie]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Scots |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/scots/9 |work=Te Ara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516113712/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/scots/9 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the 21st century, there would be about as many people who were [[Scottish Canadians]] and [[Scottish American]]s as the 5 million remaining in Scotland.<ref name="Huston&Knox2001pxxxii">R. A. Houston and W. W. Knox, eds., ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (Penguin, 2001), p. xxxii.</ref>{{Clear}}